The Benefits Of Robotic Assisted Surgery Information Technology Essay

The Benefits Of Robotic Assisted Surgery culture Technology EssayApproaches to prostatecetomy include go byed-down open operation, conventional laparoscopic functional procedure or robot-assisted laparoscopic surgical operation.With traditional prostate crabby person direct room, the incision is between eightsome to cristal inches long and patients usu either in ally rebriny in the infirmary up to v days after process. In addition, patients be catheterized for ii to three weeks, and there is a risk of side effects.Minimally invasive, robotic-assisted prostate burncer operation allows for small incisions, less(prenominal) blood waiver and reduced recuperation quantify. P substitute of the nerves necessary for erections house be an extremely of the essence(p) goal for patients. These nerves run alongside the prostate and be practically damaged when removing the prostate. A nerve-sparing, robotic prostatectomy attempts to preserve these nerves so that the pati ent may be able to return to his prior erectile function.How does robotic prostatectomy work?The da Vinci Surgical System is a state-of-the-art working(a) robot that gives surgeons to a greater extent very(prenominal) views of the prostate and surrounding tissue, as well as greater dexterity. The placement uses miniature instruments to per contour line the procedure. A surgeon controls the robot from a remote console that precisely translates his hand, wrist and finger movements to the robotic weapons inside(a) the patient while providing a three-dimensional view of those movements.With the robot, the surgeon pulls five keyhole openings rather than the single large incision made during a traditional open prostatectomy. These small openings result in less pain, and a shorter hospital stay. Patients who undergo robotic assisted operation unremarkably leave the hospital inside two days, and some ar able to return to ruler activities inside two weeks after the procedure.Using the robot, the surgeon removes the prostate and surrounding pelvic lymph nodes (if indicated) through the small openings.Patient benefits may includeSmaller surgical incisions of one inch or lessLess intraoperative blood going and take for blood transfusionReduced postoperative pain and uneasinessShorter hospital stay (two days)Shorter catheter duration (s all the same to 10 days)Faster overall recoveryRobots surgery advantagesB http//library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00760/Advantages%20of%20Robotic%20Surgery.htmRobots in the field of surgery have dramatically tackd the procedures for the better. The most signifi batcht advantage to Robotic Surgery to the patient is the decrease in pain and scaring. By using cameras and enhanced visual effects, doctors can make the tinniest of incisions. The da Vinci and Zeus system each use arms to operate. In order for these arms to get inside the body and operate, they alone need a few cen sentenceters for an incision. In fact The San Matteo i nfirmary in Pavia, Italy performed a Cardiac Bypass surgery that included three incisions, each approximately one cen sentenceter in length. Typically in that type of surgery the incision is about 30 centimeters in length.The smallness of the incisions also instances numerous otherwise advantages that make Robotic Surgery worth the risk. Due to the small and precise cuttings, the patents hospital stay is greatly reduced. A person needs farthest less recovery time when they have 3-centimeter scars whence when they have a scar almost 10 times as large. Also, the risk of transmittal or complications decreases as the incision size does. The patient mentioned earlier with the closed Heart Bypass surgery is a terrific example. After his surgery, he was illumineed by his surgeon Dr. Mauro Rinaldi and released from the hospital after only 12 hours of recovery. The next week he was actually able to join his family on a vacation. Besides the open-and-shut rewards to the patient, Ro botic Surgery is also very discriminatory to the surgeon and hospital. In the ZEUS Surgical System, an arm on the gondola is dedicated to the Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning (AESOP). AESOP is a 3D camera utilize in robotic surgery. It can be zoomed in by either voice activation or pedals located at the surgeons foot. Doctors who have utilise this actually fight that AESOP gives a better chain than in real breeding. This is go againsticularly true with surgeons that have poor flock or in microscopic surgerys that deal with nerves. Also, by using the hand controls the surgeons can reach places in the body that are normally unreachable by the human hand. Finally, the clearest advantage to using robots in surgery is in long operations, particularly ones that deal with nerve or tissue reconstruction. Surgeons much tire easily after performing microscopic surgerys that last hours. However, by having the ability to be seated and have less strain on the eyes, doctors can control their natural flinching or nerves much efficiently.Robots surgery disadvantagesC http//biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group02/Group%2002%20Website/robodisadvan.htmRobotic surgery is a new applied science, so its uses and talent have not been fully determined. Consequently, there are not legion(predicate) extensive long-term studies on the procedure to confirm or recall its effectiveness. in that location are, however, prominent disadvantages to robotics, including time, constitute, efficiency, and compatibility with current systems.TimeRobotic assisted spunk surgery can take n ahead of time twice the amount of time that a typical heart surgery takes, yet this is variable depending on the surgeons expertness and practice with the equipment.In a longer surgery, the patient is under anesthesia for longer and it cost more(prenominal) to staff the procedure.CostAt this early stage in the engine room, the robotic systems are very expensiv e. It is possible that with forward motions in technology and more experience pulled by surgeons the cost get out fall. Others believe that with these improvements in technology the systems exit become more complicated and the costs will rise. other issue with costs is the problem with upgrading the systems as they improve. Only when these systems gain more widespread multidisciplinary use the costs will become more justified.Efficiency and CompatibilityAnother disadvantage is the large size of the system in an overcrowded-operating(a) room. The robotic arms are awkward and bulky and there are galore(postnominal) instruments needed in the small space. For robotic-assisted beating heart surgery, the space is even smaller be face stabilizers are needed. For surgeons, this cramped area can interfere with their dexterity.There are two possible suggestions for improving this problem, however both are costly. round suggest miniaturizing the robotic arms and instruments while others believe that larger operating rooms are needed. With either solution, robotics is an especially expensive new technology.Another disadvantage is that current operating room instruments and equipment are not needs compatible with the new robotic systems. Without the correct equipment, tableside assistance is needed to perform part of the surgery.There are also concerns about using a unmoving model for beating heart surgery and concerns about technical glitches that talent occur during the surgery.In Comparison to Standard TechniquesDr. Michael Argenziano at New York Presbyterian Hospital said that on middling, the robotic-assisted heart surgeries costs $2,000 more per operation, but in the end, the costs come out even because the patients recover sooner with the robotic procedure. He also noted that money was saved on nursing supervise and pain medications.With time and improvements in technology, these disadvantages will hopefully be remedied. If not, then it is possible that the advantages of these systems will not justify their cost.Dhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ television setconferencingWhats telecasting conferencing?A television set convocation or television system group (also known as a videoteleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called visual coaction and is a type of groupware.Videoconferencing differs from videophone calls in that its designed to serve a conference rather than individuals. It is an intermediate form of video telephony, first deployed commercially by ATT during the early 1970s using their Picture phone technology.E http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebsiteWhats a website?A website (also spelled Web site officially styled website by the AP Stylebook) is a assembling of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are communicate relative to a common Uniform Resou rce Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path (/) in an meshing Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.F http//ezinearticles.com/?The-Top-Advantages-Of-Video-Conferencingid=282728Video conferencing advantagesVideoconferencing is rapidly gaining in popularity, and its hardly surprising. Basically, videoconferencing allows people to communicate in real time, no matter where they are located. It can be as few as two people, or it can be thousands. The participants can hold a meeting or conference, compare charts and generally do everything they could do if they were all in the same room together. This is all through via audio and video transmission through the wonders of the internet.The list of advantages gained from using videoconferencing is long, but here are a few of the main advantages. The most obvious advantage is the enormous savings involved when people dont need to stumble. An average military control trip usually involves at least one iniquity spent in another place, and costs incurred include flights, transport, meals, accommodation, entertainment, and the list goes on. If you need ten people at a meeting, and add together all the costs involved, the total is staggering.Remember, too, that not only is travel costly, it takes time. So those ten executives have to take two days out of their busy schedule, for example, to go steady a half-day meeting at head office. With videoconferencing, they can allocate the half-day, and excrete the other day and a half doing productive work in their office. Using videoconferencing provides big savings in both money and time.G http//www.tkoworks.com/video-conferencing/outsourcing.htmlVideo conferencing disadvantagesMonths may be required to enable video conferencing capability within a large organization this is including time required for plan t he network and installing video conferencing equipment. Initial cost of equipment is higher than if an right(prenominal) service organization were used.Using conference rooms for video conferences makes maven from a facilities perspective but this can cause video systems to be underutilized. Normally, in an organization, most meetings and conference room use are for local business without a need to communicate with other facilities or locations. Therefore, video equipment investment can be stranded during every day normal use of conference rooms for local meetings.M some(prenominal) organizations assign a central staff to run a video conference network without considering the needs of each remote site. Video conferencing requires at least two locations, each with its own system, network, conference or meeting room and operating instructions. all(prenominal) location, therefore, normally should have a masterly operator of video systems to assist users in getting a conference star ted and keeping it running. fewer organizations are willing to expend the funds to ensure each termination is staffed with a skilled technician and so this skill deficit can cause conference failures in some locations, particularly those that turn systems off cursory or reboot frequently.Industry manufacturers understand this common problem and are providing software tools and remote management capability with the latest video conference equipment to allow for remote management of systems. Therefore, a well-run network requires either skilled personnel at each endpoint or some form of remote management in order to ensure systems operate well. Some combination of both is usually required to attain high levels of video network up time.HWhats internet?The Internet, sometimes called simply the Net, is a worldwide system of computer networks a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get education from any other computer and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers. It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET.AO2 USE RESOURCES CHOSEN RESOURCESI choseNORESOURCEREASONAThe Benefits of Robotic Assisted SurgeryI chose this information from the website because it explain clearly How does robotic prostatectomy work?BCIs technology comfortably or bad?IntroductionIn this project Ill be talking about, whats technology and if technology is nigh or bad?The main question that I have chosen for my project is Is technology erect or bad?I will carry out my seek using the three research method. I will explore internet, survey polar books and watch videos to discover more information on different peoples opinions on my questions.In this project Ill be concentrating on the good of using technology and the bad of using it.What is technology?Technology is a human innovation that has been developing from generation to generation, however technology is used to solve problems and make life easier to live such as computers, robots, airplanes, cars and phones etc.My quarry in the end of this project is to understand and give a clear description of technology, why the people argue technology is good and the ethers argue technology is bad, what the good side of technology is and what the bad side of technology is.Is technology good?I think that technology is good and helps a lot in the everyday life. Its used to discover and make life easier such as cars, airplanes, trains they help to travel from long distance and in short time, phones helps to communicate at any time and with the people almost the world. Computers are used in education, creations, designing and also used in health sector all this technology helps to go forward in our life.Robots are used in the heath sectorWhats robot surgery?Robot surgery is one of the advanced technologies available in this time been, it has been designed for operations. The (da Vi nci) robotic system allows the precision, dexterity and control of traditional open surgery but requires only 1-2 cm incisions, decreased healing time, robots are used for hearts surgery with out opening patients chest. The benefits of this robot for patients are less complication, less pain, save time and faster recovery.The advantages of robots surgeryRobots have change and helped a lot in the field of surgery. The most advantage of robots surgery for patients is pain, scaring and faster recovery by using cameras and enhanced visual effects, doctors can make the tinniest of incisions. The (da Vinci) and Zeus system each use three arms to operate. In order for these arms to get inside the body and operate, they only need a few centimetres for an incision. These robots have more advantages and benefits for users (doctors) and patients for example lour risk infectionShorter hospital stayLess blood loss and fewer transfusionsCan zoom with camera and gives better image then in real lif eby using the hand controls the surgeons can reach places in the body that are normally unreachable by the human handFaster recovery and return to normal day-to-day activitiesRobots surgery disadvantagesThey are several disadvantages of these Robots surgeries such as cost cost is one of the biggest disadvantages of these robots with the price of one million dollars.Some believe with the improvement in technology and as more experience is gained with robotic systems the price will fall.Another disadvantage of these robots systems is their size. Both systems have relatively large footprints and relatively cumbersome robotic arms.This is an important an important disadvantage because operating rooms are already crowded with the surgical team. It may be difficult for surgical and robots to fit in the operating room.And another disadvantage is the time. Robotic assisted heart surgery can take nearly twice the amount of time that a typical heart surgery takes, but this is variable depen ding on the surgeons expertise and practice with the equipment.How technology helps in businessTechnology is change magnitude and developing to make life easier to live it helped and still helping our daily life for example business. In business people used to travel to go for meetings and now most of businesses use video conferencing, in ground of airfares for staff. It saves time spent in travelling and money.Video conferencingWhats video conferencing?Video conferencing allows people to communicate in real time, no matter where they are located. It can be as few as two people, or it can be thousands. Its basically integrates users as if they were in the same room. Each user needs a web cam, computer, microphone, and internet broadband connection.Its usually used in businesses, healthcare, education ECT.Advantages of video conferencingMeet with people in remote locations without incurring travel expenses or other expenses associated with hardihood to face communicationSave time and money especially in business in terms of airfares for staff, night spent in another place, and costs incurred include flights, transport, meals, accommodation, entertainment ect..Connect and see more than 11, 12 or even a thousand in the same time.Video conferencing disadvantagesTakes time to design the network and install video conferencing equipmentExpensive equipmentsCan cause video systems to be underutilizedSkilled technician to keep video conferencing running.Turn the system daily can cause conference failures in some locations.InternetWhats internet?Internet is basically an electronic communication network that enables computers of all kinds to share information with permission and communicates directly.Internet advantagesStudying ( make researches)Online bankingOnline obtainPublish information on your own websiteHave a conversations in chat roomsSend an emailApply for job get a news papersWatch moviesMake airplane reservationGet a direction and draw a map socialize with the people around the worldInternet disadvantagesPersonal information (your own(prenominal) information such as your name, address, etc.)Pornography (especially for young children they are thousands of lampblack websites that can be easily to get access into it)Internet addictionHacking, get virusesIsolation from family and freinds

Expanding The Market Share For Apples Iphone Marketing Essay

Expanding The foodstuff fortune For orchard apple trees I holler grocery storeing EssayA Marketing investigate abide for the disseminated multiple sclerosis International Marketing room programme 2010/11Executive summaryThe purpose of this look into was to ingest hold how to ontogeny the securities industry share of the iPhone in china. In drift to conduct the take, the food marting seek problem was insure as to determine the needs and elections of dealers of sm maneuverphones in the Chinese market. In aviation with the investigate problem cardinal hypotheses were developed to be tested.In this project, both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) question approaches were employ. Exploratory research was conducted to help the researchers obtain a prefatory understanding and insight into the problems facing orchard apple tree Inc., man conclusive research helped to build upon the findings of the exploratory research. Through searching and reading secondary sel ective cultivation, the researchers set the different factor outs, in terms of fleshly factors (e.g., charge, quality, ease of use), affable factors (e.g., carriold age buying, group individuation, symbol of status) and wound up factors (e.g., scratch image, appearance, advertisement, etc.), that theoreticall(a)y should put to work procure behavior.Based on the secondary entropy, a questionnaire was ruleed and administered to 176 Chinese students in the University of Leeds from 11th to 22nd November 2010 to collect the uncomplicated entropy of their knowledges and raptures towards smartphones and the iPhone. The results were god using SPSS, and several statistical tests performed to check whether the hypotheses were accepted in the field of operation.From the project, the researchers establish that all the trey factors ( physiologic factor, societal factor and emotional factor) individually were closely link to the perceptions of iPhone, and likewise that these terzetto factors feature exerted influence towards the perceptions. Moreoer, consumers perceptions toward the iPhone were found to be related to their location obtain satisfactions as considerably. Gender and income, as the demographic moderators, in like manner bring influence on the perceptions and satisfactions of iPhone, although the effect of gender was limited. As a result, the study could be considered as a reference of iPhone to identify their current problems in Chinese market and design corresponding marketing strategy to increase their marketing share in china.Table of Contents1A Marketing inquiry project for the MSc International Marketing Management programme 2010/11 1Introduction 4Background 6SWOT digest for iPhone in Chinese market 7 difficulty Definition 7Management Decision Problem 7Market explore Problem 8 interrogation Components 8enquiry draw near Development 8Literature review 81.1.1 forcible Factors 81.1.2Social Factors 91.1.3Emotional/Psycho logical Factors 91.1.4Demographic Factors 9 abstract Model 11 inquiry Question and Hypotheses 11 interrogation Design and Methodology 13 search Design 13Secondary Research 13Primary Research 141.1.5Research Approach 141.1.6Sampling Design 141.1.7Questionnaire Design 16Field work 19Analytical Methods 20Results and Hypotheses Testing 21Profile of the respondents 21Factors influencing mobile phone choices 211.1.8Factors influencing smartphone preferences 211.1.9Factors related to iPhones 221.1.10 lieu Purchase Satisfaction 23Hypothesis Testing 237. Conclusions and Recommendations 297.1 Conclusion 29The conclusion is shown in the fol milding bewilder 307.2 Recommendations 307.3 Limitations of the Research 318. graphic symbols 329.List of vermiform appendix 34Appendix 1 Questionnaire 349.2 Appendix 2 Respondents Profile frequence 399.3 Appendix 3 Mean Value 419.4 Appendix 4 Moderator regression table 44IntroductionThe market for smartphones has been development continually. The proof of its popularity is that gross sales of smartphones to end users collect reached 54.3 million units in the starting line quarter of 2010, an increase of 48.7 share from the same period in 2009. smartphones living 17.3 percent of worldwide mobile phone devices sales (Gartner, May 2010). thither are currently more than than(prenominal) than 6 types of operating systems available in the smartphone market, such as Symbian, RIM, Apple iOS, Android, Windows Mobile and Linux. The Nokia Symbian holds the soaringest market share followed by RIM BlackBerry and Apple iOS in the year 2010 (Gartner, May 2010). The p put downers in the market compete by introducing young innovations and adding value to their phones, since the consumers expect more from smartphones than from basic feature phones (Mintel, January 2010). Creating an image of being a state of the art engineering science provider may cave in the positive con nonations in the customers result that allow them to set a se nior higher price, as the strategy that Apple implemented with the iPhone has shown (Data Monitor, May 2010). Even so, according to the fact that 51 percent of the consumers will not buy the phone un little the price come calibrate (Mintel, January 2010), price does clearly matter to them.The factors influencing smartphone purchasing stopping points needs to be set in bon ton to develop new potential opportunities to create distinctive competencies. This study will cover factors influencing iPhone perception and iPhone emplacement purchase satisfaction. This should give a guide to a successful marketing strategy in the future.BackgroundApple Inc. is one of the major companies of technology and innovation in consumer products in the world. They provide a wide range of products and services, from laptop and backcloth computers to accessories and parcel services. The comp any recorded revenues of almost $43 billion during the pecuniary year ending in September 2009 (FY2009), a n increase of over 14% since 2008. The increase in revenues was mainly due to growth in sales of iPhone handsets and the related sales of third- forky digital content and applications from the iTunes Store (Data Monitor, May 2010). unless when even though mainland China has the highest sum up of mobile phone subscribers in the world, the sales figures for iPhone in China as reported by China Unicom (Hong Kong) Ltd. are far behind the rest of the big markets in the world. It took only 30 hours for Apple iPhone to reach over 200,000 sell units in the U.S. in 2007, but it took more than a month to reach the same design in China (The Economic clock magazines, October 2010). One possible factor attribute the iPhone back in China is its relatively high price. Apple and Unicom shift $730 to $1,020 for the iPhone, not including discounts on service, making it more expensive than grey market iPhones brought into the country through places like Hong Kong. on that point may be up to b oth million such grey market iPhones in China according to an estimate by Paul Wuh, an analyst covering China Unicom for Samsung Securities. In addition to this, the Wi-Fi Internet run was initially disabled on Unicoms iPhones to comply with Chinese governing rules (Wall Street Journal, Dec 2009), which might likewise have contributed to the slow take-off of iPhone sales.NOTE Is this a referenceSWOT analysis for iPhone in Chinese marketStrengthsStrong brand nameFocuses RD parkway innovationProvides State of the art technologiesOpportunitiesStrong growth in smartphones market segmentContinuing growth in demand for handheld devicesWeaknesses intersection point recallsPatent infringementExpensive PriceThreatsIntense competition colony on specific suppliersChinese Governments regulationsHigh cost of meshing mess providerReference Data monitor 21 May 2010 in stock(predicate) at http//www.datamonitor.comProblem DefinitionManagement Decision ProblemApple Inc. has encountered some po tential limitations for the iPhone in the Chinese market, such as government regulations, grey market opportunities and the high price of the phone. Even though 100,000 iPhone 4s were sold in the origin 4 days of availability (Sutherland, 2010), representing a high demand for the iPhone, the market share in China is quiet down dishonor than anywhere else in the world. Hence, the management conclusiveness problem for Apple could be How to increase iPhone market share in China?Market Research ProblemTo answer the management decision problem it needs to be translated into a market research problem, which the researchers therefore define to beTo determine the needs and preferences of buyers of smartphones in the Chinese marketResearch ComponentsTo clarify consumers perceptions toward smartphones.To determine the factors that influence consumers decision to buy the iPhone.To evaluate consumers ring mail purchase demeanor of iPhone.To discover potential influence of demographic fact ors on iPhone satisfactionResearch Approach DevelopmentLiterature reviewAccording to the secondary data that have been tranquil for this study, there are 4 main factors that should influence consumers technology buying decisions.Physical FactorsConsumers would look into visible aspects (design) more than software specific aspects (operating system). Three main factors that consumers focus on are near(a) design, the brand of the handset and quality of integrated camera. The consumers quarternot always tell the tubercle amidst the latest innovative phones and other phones. The companies attempts to position themselves, as high technology innovators may not be signifi endt when consumers do not look for it (Mintel, January 2010). A intermit design leads to a sense of better usability and help to extend users emotional attachment to the device (Nanda, 2008)Social FactorsAs a rule, in the emerging markets of the world the penetration of mobile technology is higher in the high-incom e segments of a existence. In the developed world a mobile handset is part of the everyday world, era elsewhere it is still considered as a luxury and a symbol of status. Thus, while income is less related to the ownership of a mobile handset in Europe, in China it is still a very measurable factor (Castells et al., 2004).To particularise on teenaged consumers, they want to keep up with the most new- excogitateed trend so there is a quick turnover in their technology adopting behaviour. They were controlled by trend not technology and they fear to be excluded from their group because the lack of technology involvement (Mintel, August 2008). People were influenced by their own group about which phone to buy. The innovation and designs were developed to foregather consumers amicable needs (Vincent, 2009). Young users are also more in all likelihood to use SMS rather than voice calls than other users, mainly because it is cheaper and because they usually have more time to maste r the technical skill of texting. For the older, working population where the employer pays the bills the opposite is the general rule (Castells et al., 2004).Emotional/Psychological FactorsThe role of the phones is more than just a communication tool. They become personal objects (Hallns Redstrm, 2002). The parking area emotional responses among mobile phone users are being cool, chilled out and tuned into a mobile phone culture The thrill and the novelty of the mobile phone What the phones can do for the users are the factors that enable and strengthen the blood.Demographic Factors on that point is a positive relation mingled with age and price concern. honest-to-god buyers would take price as an of the essence(predicate) factor when deciding to buy a new phone (Mintel, January 2010). As well as teenage buyers, they have a budget constraint due to their limited income. thence they would wait until they are true about their choice so as to avoid making a bad purchase. This concern leads to a brand criterion. In order to reduce the risk of wasting their money, they would stick to the rely brand only (Mintel, August 2008). Technology goods are a low e polishicity product to men. During the recession men still buy new technology goods. Women are more prices sensitive than men and they are also interested in design more than men (Mintel, June 2009).Due to the two facts that in China ownership of a mobile phone is positively related to income, and that a larger part of the high-income earners are men, there is a gap amidst number of male and female users of mobile phones. However, there is a growing market segment invested at women where the exterior design is the major selling point (Castells et al., 2004). there is also a residual in how male and females perceive and use their handsets female users are not only likelier to see the phone as a fashionable associate but also use it as a key highway to maintain personal familys. This becomes evident i n studies that show that even if more men than women use SMS, women are more frequent users of it than men (Castells et al., 2004).Conceptual ModelFigure 1 Model of Smartphone Purchasing DecisionH1H3H4H5H6iPhonePerceptionsPost purchase SatisfactionDemographic ModeratorsPhysical FactorsH2Social FactorsEmotional FactorsResearch Question and HypothesesQ1 Is there any relationship in the midst of physical factors and the iPhone perceptions?H1 There is a relationship among physical factors and the iPhone perceptions.Q2 Is there any relationship between neighborly factors and the iPhone perceptions?H2 There is a relationship between brotherly factors and the iPhone perceptions.Q3 Is there any relationship between emotional factors and the iPhone perceptions?H3 There is a relationship between emotional factors and the iPhone perceptions.Q4 Is there a relationship between physical factors, social factors and emotional factors and iPhone perceptions?H4 There is a relationship between phy sical factors, social factors and emotional factors and iPhone perceptions.Q5 Is there a relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfactions?H5 There is a relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfactions.Q6a Does the demographic moderator of income influence the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction?H6a The demographic moderator of income influences the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction.Q6b Does the demographic moderator of gender influence the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction?H6b The demographic moderator of gender influences the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction.Research Design and MethodologyResearch DesignResearch design is a framework or blueprint conducting a market research project that specifies the procedures necessary to obtain the information needed to social system or exercise the mar keting problem (Malhotra, 2009 94).The objective of this project is to improve the sales mass of iPhone in China. The first step here was to define the management decision problem and then apply suitable market research approach. There are two types of research designsExploratory An exploratory research was conducted to draw in a basic understanding and insight in the problems faced by Apple Inc. This was done mainly through secondary data. The exploratory research proved that there was some problem and further research was compulsory in order to address it appropriately.Conclusive A conclusive research was conducted to build upon the finding of the exploratory research. It is done mainly to test the speculate hypotheses. The conclusive research is of two types descriptive and casual. The descriptive research was employ to identify the relationship between the different variables affecting the buying behaviour whereas the causal research was apply to determine the cause and ef fect relationships between the moderator and the variables.Secondary ResearchThis is one of the most important elements of a market research project especially when there is time and cost constraint. Since the study revolves around a very new, unique and innovative product so the secondary data has been entirely sourced from the quality journals, newspapers and research articles. In order to maintain authenticity of the data, all the data was compared among each other and this lay the foundation for the development of the research model for the study.Primary ResearchResearch ApproachThe come off method was used to collect the information from the respondents in this research. This method was chosen due to its advantages of ease, reliability, and simplicity along with the fact that it can simultaneously demonstrate the insights into who the actual consumers are, how the consumers behave, and why the consumers behave in certain way (Malhotra, 2009 p214). With the consideration of tim e and resource constraints, the questionnaires were distributed to Chinese students at the University of Leeds. In addition to distributing the questionnaire face to face to the respondents, an on-line version of the questionnaire was also do available by the researchers to collect data from the respondents.Sampling DesignIn this case, to understand the correlations between different types of factors and the smartphone purchasing decision of Chinese consumers and between demographic moderators and the customer satisfaction, the sample distribution coat was determined according to the intravenous feeding steps of the Sampling Design Process (Malhotra, 2009 p371).Defining the Target universeElements of the Sample Prospective purchasers of mobile phones in ChinaSample Units Chinese mobile phone usersExtent Chinese students study in the University of LeedsTime Period November, 2010Sample Frame The Chinese students who study at the University of Leeds were the target population of t his research. According to the web page of the University of Leeds (http//www.leeds.ac.uk/info/30313/asia/200/china), the number of Chinese students was 561 when the research was underinterpreted. Therefore, the sample size was opined based on the population size of 561.Sampling Technique Sampling techniques can be classified ad as non-probability sampling and probability sampling (Malhotra, 2009 p373). Non-probability sampling was selected for the data collection in this research due to the time and resource constraints the selecting of sample elements was based on the research teams personal judgment and conveniencealecting of sample elements was aspect was carried out among different income level.ch could expand the age interval of the re.Determining the sample size The sample size of the research was calculated by statistical method with the formula belown =wheren = sample size requisiteN = population sizeZ = number of pattern errors (Z=1.96 for 95% confidence level)(Anton, 1995, cited by Palihawadana, 2009)The sample size was calculated at 95% confidence level, thereforen = = 229According to the calculation above, 229 questionnaires were take ond to be collected in this research. However, due to the time and resource constraints, rather 76% of the required sample size or 176 questionnaires were to be include in this research.Questionnaire DesignA questionnaire was knowing to collect the quantitative primary data. According to the literature review, three factors were embraced in the questionnaire to determine their relevance of smartphones purchasing decision. Besides, collecting basic information of the respondents helped to investigate whether the demographic moderators affected the consumer satisfaction. The questionnaire was designed on the basis of questionnaire design process (Malhotra, 2009 p.331).Information Needed The first step is to make sure the information which should be collected and used to analyse the result. Thus, it is vital to c learly understand the research questions and hypotheses so as to help the questionnaire remain focused. As the respondents are students at the University of Leeds, the wording and hyphen used in the questionnaire was appropriate to their level of education.Type of Interviewing Method The survey was conducted mainly by using personal interviews, accompanied by an internet survey. As a result, complex questions were avoided and all the questions were made as small and clear as possible so as to avoid any ambiguity.Content of Individual Questions All questions were designed based on six hypotheses. Reviewing the form and structure of related researches helped the questionnaire to be succinct and well-structured, and thus blue-blooded for young respondents to answer.Question Design The questionnaire was designed to be as unproblematic as possible to achieve raise the willingness to answer of the respondents. Moreover, the questions were oriented to require less effort and to avoid a sking for sensitive information.Question structure and operationalisation of the variables Question design7-AttitudinalScalesDichotomous DataMultiple-Choice QuestionsQuestionsSocial FactorsPhysical FactorsEmotional FactorsQ 3d, 3e, 3f, 7d, 7e, 7fQ3g-i, 7g-i, 8a-g, 12a-gH1H2H3Q4,Q10,Q14Q1, Q2, Q5,Q 3a, 3b, 3c, 7a, 7b, 7cDemo-graphic ModeratorsQ15, Q16, Q17, Q18, Q19H6Post-purchaseSatisfactionQ13Q6ConstructItemReferenceH4iPhonePercep-tionsH5Q11The questionnaire included 19 questions in four pages. In this questionnaire, three formats of questions were designed, which are, singly multiple-choice questions, 7-attitudinal exceeds and dichotomous questions. Multiple-choice questions were designed in order to get the general information about peoples perception of mobile phones and smartphones, as well as respondents personal information. As respondents are familiar with phones, and the personal information questions are basic background questions, respondents could easily choose a prefe rence choice from the several alternatives. In addition, since the questions were asked in an objective way, the data collected can be taken as reliable.Dichotomous data is that classified into either one of two mutually exclusive values. In the questionnaire, the dichotomous questions were about Yes or No questions about purchasing phones of respondents.Scale questions were used to indicate respondents attitudinal preference of the given items or sentences. In the questionnaire, scale questions were designed as the model of 7-attitudinal scale questions. Among most of these questions, 7 represented potently agree or potently satisfied while 1 represents strongly disagree or strongly dissatisfied, indicating respondents attitude in a oftentimes more detailed manner. All the factors that directly influence the hypothesis can be evaluated in on the 7-attitudinal scale question model, including physical factors, social factors as well as emotional factors. In this way the researcher s found it easy to evaluate the factors that influence peoples preferences regarding smartphones according to the data.Question wording Questions in the questionnaire were appropriate, simple and objective. maculation designing the questionnaire, special attention was given so that the questions did not mislead or prime the respondents in any way. This way the reliability of the data is enhanced. pricks of the questionnaire The questionnaire was divided into four parts class A Mobile Phones in the Market Section B Smartphones in the Market Section C iPhone and Section D Personal Information. In Section A, it the respondents general perception about mobile phones was explored in Section B, the questionnaire move to get an idea of Chinese international students preferences towards smartphones at Leeds University in Section C, the questionnaire focused on the attitude towards iPhone among Chinese students at Leeds University and in the last part, Section D, it is appertained that al l the respondents provide their basic personal information, which is an essential part of demographic factors as it would help the researchers to test Hypothesis 4 as a reference. Among the first three sections, equivalent attitudinal questions are asked in order to make a comparison among students attitude towards feature phones, smartphones and the iPhone. Also, all these three parts contained questions about physical factors, social factors and emotional factors that could influence peoples decision while buying phones.Form and Layout The questionnaire was designed in a way that would inspire the respondents willingness and interest to finish it. This was done by way of property sections clearly defined, avoiding the title or questions within a section to be separated between alternatives in two pages. Additionally, certain care was taken to give the questionnaire an appealing look, and the university logo was added to give a serious and fiducial impression.Pilot testing Before collecting data from Chinese students in Leeds University, a pilot testing was made among five Chinese students at different schools, to test the practicability of the questionnaire. The suggestions from the five respondents were taken into consideration. The questionnaire was then complemented with some new alternatives, covering more situations and factors in a better way. While doing the actual survey, it was concluded that the respondents of the questionnaire perceived it to be much easier to answer all the questions after the views of the respondents of the Pilot project were incorporated.Field workThe duration of data collection was between 11th and 22nd of November 2010, when 176 questionnaires were distributed by the six members of the research team. The researchers collected the data from Chinese students by requesting them to fill out the questionnaires on the campus of the University of Leeds.Analytical MethodsIn this study, a variety of statistical methods were used to analyse the data which had collected from 176 respondents, in order to understand whether the physical factor, social factor and emotional factor significantly relate to iPhone perceptions, whether these three factors combined together and affected iPhone perception, whether there is a relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction, and whether demographic factor could be considered as a moderator influences on the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction according to the conceptual model. The following are the methods adoptedBi-variate regression analysis was used to calculate whether there was a relationship between the respondents preferences regarding the different factor (independent variable) and their perception of iPhone (dependent variable). This method was also used to test whether there was a relationship between the perception of respondents towards iPhone (independent variable) and the post purchase satisfaction (dep endent variable). When measuring the splendour of demographic moderating variables affect the satisfaction of iPhone (dependent variable), bi-variate regression analysis was be used as well.Multiple Regression analysis was conducted to analyse the power point of connection between three factors in terms of physical factor, social factor and emotional factor (independent variables) and the perception of iPhone (dependent variable).Results and Hypotheses TestingProfile of the respondentsAmong the 176 respondents, 63 of them (35.8%) were male while 113 of them (64.2%) were female.72.7% of total sample are between the age of 20 and 23.Merely 13.1% of the respondents came from families with the family income level of less than RMB 5000 per month.61.4% of all the respondents studied in Business School.64.8% of the respondents have postgraduate educational level.The largest percentage of respondents came from East China, accounts for 43.8%, while only 5% of the respondents came from Nort heast China.Factors influencing mobile phone choicesFactors influencing smartphone preferencesAccording to the questionnaire result, physical factors were the most important factors that influenced peoples purchasing of smartphones, with an average malt whisky of 5.77 on the attitudinal scale while social factors were the least important with an average score of 4.65.Among the physical factors that influenced respondents decision of buying smartphone quality was the most important with an average score of 6.21, while price was the least important with 5.17. Among social factors, pursuing fashion was the most important with an average score of 5.10 while group identity was the least important with 4.40. As to the emotional factors, the appearance of the smartphone was the most important in respondents mind with 5.80 average score, while advertisements were of least importance with 4.09.As mentioned about the make fors of smartphones, which are part of emotional factors that influen cing peoples decision of buying smartphones, the function of browsing the websites was the most taking with an average score of 5.70 while the function of video was the least important with 4.51.Factors related to iPhonesRegarding the iPhone, emotional factors were the most important factors affecting respondents purchasing behaviour with an average score of 5.26, while the social factors were the least important with 4.37.Among the physical factors, most of the respondents agreed with the sentence iPhone has a high quality, with this factor getting the highest score of 5.47. At the same time most of them think iPhone is expensive because the sentence iPhone has a reasonable price only registered the average score of 3.72. Within the social factors a bulk of the respondents believed iPhone to be a symbol of fashion with the score of 5.65, while a few(prenominal) people wanted to buy an iPhone just because their friends or family have one, this factor recording only 3.28. Among emo tional factors, iPhone has a good design of appearance was the most agreeable sentence with the score of 5.61, and the sentence The advertisements of iPhone are attractive the least with an average score of 4.79.As to functions, included in emotional factors which influence peoples purchasing decisions regarding the iPhone, the availability of applications through which you can go over websites like Facebook or Youtube was the most attractive with a score of 5.91, while

Marketing Research Reflection

Marketing look into ReflectionMarketing explore DiaryMarketing Re reckon Seminar 1Part unrivalled brisk Material1) What is the man termment decision fuss facingDuPont?New symbol of carpets (innovation) keep commercial segment be transferred to residential segment?Whether they should forgo the radical viewion into theresidential commercialise.If the answer to that suspense is yesHow should be introduced?How go forth it be market placeed?How go outing be broken down into restrained decision-making argonas?2) What is the marketing seek problem facing DuPont?To determine consumer preferences and purchase intentions for theproposed new product3) Breakdown the familiar marketing query problem into comp unrivallednt parts.The marketing explore problem drop be broken down into the following component partsWhat criteria be employ by mickle in choosing carpets?What are the market shares of DuPont and its competitors?What is the coat of the market segment interested in the newproduct?What styles of carpets are preferred by ho using uph seniles?What is the demographic and psychological profile of the guests?How do lot evaluate carpet brands in terms of the competitors and brand awareness?4) Developone suit fitting research inquiry and venture for the marketing research problem.A attainable research question and possible action related to the marketing research problem isRQ On what vari competents target the specific market segment be identified?H It may be identified bydemographic, psychological factorsPart 2 MY REFLECTIONS ON SEMINAR 1 aft(prenominal) discussing the case study and identified the research problem components, a decisiveness was r distributivelyed as to the topic to be researched for the whole semester, (Litter thrownfrom cars). Issues such as consumer characteristics, demeanour, attitudes, opinions,possessions and the purlieual context of the problem are factors one deficiencysto bear in beware here. There is also a moti ve to target specific markets, i.e.what type of consumers are we talking ab protrude here? Do the consumers realizethat there is a problem? Sub-consciously they probably do, but consciouslythey dont. Evaluating the pros and cons of the product would be utile inrealising the market potential and responsiveness from various consumersegments.Additionally,profiling of lifestyles, ha indorsements, activities of the target audience demographyand product externalize would need to be assessed. A system of de shed it offring theproduct would need to meet customer satisfaction and experience. Identifyingwhere the competition is for the product would need to be carried erupt. I.e.areas that are not littered or are cleaned on a regular radical would become ahigher and best standard of living, while areas that do not have this, wouldsuffer the opposite. In relation to the master(prenominal) topic reached for research, onewould need to analyze the size of the problem, are the costs of cle aning it upaffordable per litter discarded what are the wellness hazards and problemscreated by unclean litter on the streets g climb on people littering the streets,when they get on not to know that they are littering the streets be termed as acriminal offence and final examinationly, what drive out we do to change peoples attitudestowards this unsolved phenomenon is an issue that inescapably attention.Marketing search Seminar 2Part One Prepared Material1a) Briefly, list the main advant times of secondary selective schooling.The main advantages of secondaryselective information areIt is accessible, relatively inexpensive and quickly obtainedsome(a) are available on topics where it would not be feasible for afirm to collect primary entropyIt also helps toDiagnose a sampling visualiseFormulate an appropriate research designAnswer true research questions and test some hypothesesInterpret primary data with more discernmentValidate qualitative research findingsIdeas generate d in secondary data can be riding habit as a very strongfoundation to primary data design and collectionIt also a substantial help in theexploratory phase of the researchUnderstanding and specify the problemExtremely utilitarian in defining the universe and in structuringthe sample1b) Why should the reliableness of published statisticsvary over snip?Measurement errors Measurement systems faculty had changedHow old data can be depends on what you have researchingSources might take note being biasedGeographical boundaries might have changed by presidential termPart devil contract out task and find entropyTaskPart of the research process is to do a search for secondarydata toHelp in understanding background to the issuesHelp in defining the research problemHelp in defining the population and in structuring the sample to be taken e.g. potential segments to be reachedGenerate hypotheses and alternate courses of actionSave time and money not re-inventing the wheel down the stair s are some tasks concerning secondary data.Answer in bullet come ins info for parts (v) and (vi) is quite detailed and would be a waste of time (and paper) for you to copy out you are asked only to make the location of either information you find and a forgetful sentence or devil describing the contentsYou do not need to print out any(prenominal) information from the web addresses suggested to you below but you might want to pen it to discIf you find information on otherwise websites or in magazines, articles, journals, and so on, please note the location and full reference and a sententious sentence about the content2a) For Seminar Group 1 LITTERTHROWN FROM CARSWrite short bullet point notesin the research diary on the following victimization secondary data and informationi)Size of the general litter problem e.g. totality litter per year, cost ofcleaning upii)Potential health problems and other consequences (not only humans)iii)Legal aspects e.g. what is illegal, fines , etc.iv)Number of people worried by thisNote in the research diary thefull reference for the following with some short notes describing the contentv)any information that might help profile likely people and places forlitter thrown from carvi)Any information on attitudes, barriers to changeThe following sources should climb up helpfulhttp//www.tidybritain.org.uk/news/filthyfacts.asp?Sub=0Menu=0.26.12.244http//www.encams.org/information/publications/research/pubbehavstudylitter2001.pdfhttp//www.tidybritain.org.uk/information/publications/research/youthlitter.pdfAnd theres always the library(and google)Part 3 My reflections from Seminar Two (word limit 250)Although thereare advantages and disadvantages with witness to the use of primary andsecondary sources of data collection, one would need to line which one isbest put to use in relation to the up to(p) matter. Depending on the researchquestion, both qualitative method actings, which isnt measurable, i.e. statisticaldata is not e mploy and quantitative methods (the use of statistical data to measurethe validity of a phenomenon), can be use to address the research question.It depends on how much information one can get, in other words it is the use ofmarket in disuniteigence to collate data.In Hofstede(1980), turn tail related values individualism / collectivism, power distance, and dubiousness, avoidance / uncertainty acceptance, and gender differences,Hofstede carried out research on a sample population of IBM workers from allover the world taking into consideration the latter mentioned. From this onecould know how the Chinese behaved. International marketing utilises research,for example, would one introduce British Milk burnt umber to the Chinese people?If the Chinese dont like risky decisions thus dont introduce the product in China. Moving on, the use of outdated data, e.g. 1967 to 74, could provide an inaccurateresearch final decision. Secondary sources of information will tend to be thenorm in this situation. In relation to the theater of operations matter, Littering, onecould categorize the respondents into, sceptics unaware sympathisers andconverts. The idea is to make every(prenominal)one converts (environmentally friendly) insociety. For example, if the see of Health, after identifying thecategories just mentioned, takes action one will need to identify the otherthree negative elements through the use of secondary data.Marketing research Seminar 3Part One Prepared MaterialQ 1) LIST the main principlesof the data protective covering Act (1998).FairAdequateRightsSpecificTransfer true statementRetentionSecurityQ 2) What does the Office ofthe Information Commissioner define as expression-to-face data?From the DPA websiteTo determine whether you have any rights under the Data Protection Act (DPA) you moldiness first establish whether the information being held is the class of information covered by the DPA.Rights will only rise in respect of information if-it relates t o you,-you can be identified from the information itself or from thatinformation and other information which is, or is likely to come into thepossession of the data control condition and,-The information is held electronically (e.g. on computer) or it isintended to be held in certain specific types of manual/paper- establish filingsystems.Suchinformation is called personal data.Q 3a) Whatis Classic survey (or Market) enquiry?Classic Survey(or Market) ResearchDefined by MRS Code of Conduct asTheapplication of scientific research methods to obtain objective information onpeoples attitudes and behaviour based usually on representative samples of the pertinent populations. The process guarantees the confidentiality of personalinformation in such a way that the data can only be apply for researchpurposes.Classiccovers three-figure researchQualitative researchQ 3b) Why should extracare be exercised when undertaking manikin/Data Fusion Projects?When undertaking Modelling /Data Fusion P rojects, special care should be exercised to-protect the interests of data subjects-data not be inappropriately used during or after the data matchingprocessesMerging confidential survey data with other data at an individual personal record train does not constitute a distinct or additional purpose, as long as the final data set protects the identity of the data subject.Q 4) The MRSCode of Conduct states that The general public and other interested partiesare entitled to drop off assurance that every research project is carried outstrictly in accordance with this Code, and that their rights of cover arerespected. It then gives the details of two specific things about whichassurance essential be apt(p). What are these? What other two things must respondentsbe apprised about?These area)They must be assured that no information which could be used to identifythem will be made available without their agreement to anyone other than theResearcher responsible for(p) for conducting t he research.b)They must also be assured that the information they supply will not beused for any purposes other than those described and that they will not beadversely bear upon or embarrassed as a direct result of their alliance ina research project.Also,respondents must be informed abouta)The purpose of the research and the likely length of time necessary forthe collection of the informationb)Research findings themselves must always be reported accurately andnever used to mislead anyone, in any way.PART 2 My Reflections fromSeminar ThreeWhile reviewingprepared answers one was able to identify the research stake holders. Two taskswere then formulated reveally, to lay away a list of things that respondentsshould be told in order to give informed consent, and a suitable writtenstatement would be given to respondents so that they can give their informedconsent to their participation in the research. This could act as a barrierto being able to get the right people to participate in this research that willbe carried out by this seminar meeting. The stakeholders identified are, theclients (i.e. the lecturer from the university) the respondents the market research workers (us) and the general public (i.e. people who work and live in thearea).For Task 1, the research worker needs to make clear that the respondents co-operation with regardto the research being carried out is of no harm to them. Stating the purposeof the research in the initial storeys could prove to be a salutary start of pointof assemble. If it is a questionnaire, then it would be a lot easier to gaininformation from the respondent because they will not need to disclose their personalidentity. The police detective could give the impression of a short talk atthe initial point of contact, in order to prolong and get as much informationas they can inside a short period of time. One must realize that therespondent can withdraw at any stage of the conversation. The marketresearchers must make su re that they identify themselves at the initial stagesof contact with the respondent and if possible leave their contact details.For Task 2, there is the misadventure of embarrassment. For example foreign scholars might not understand completely, the purpose of the research. In thiscase the researcher has to give a detailed and easy explanation to what theiraims and objectives are.Marketing Research SEMINAR 4PART 1Prepared MaterialTask 1Choose ONE qualitative research method and give your reasons in bulletpoint format why you think it would be particularly suitable for researchingpeoples attitudes and behaviour towards one of the research questionsregarding littering you have identified.You shouldclearly and concisely state the research question at the beginning of youranswer.(Lengthexpected for your answer Between half and one knave of A4 double spaced TimesNew Roman 12pt font)Task 2Collect at least 5 photos, pictures or images that you feel reflect yourthoughts and feelings abou t the environment in which you live.These may beimages of ANYTHING that sparks a reaction in your environment.There are noright or wrong answers (except anything that might give your fellow studentsoffence, use your usual sense about that).For example,people we asked to do in connection with mobile telephones brought in picturesas varied as clocks, comfy sofas, cups of coffee, friends, padlocks and manyothers as well as pictures of phones. act as thesewith you to the seminar 4. Come prepared to explain why you favour the picturesand even tell about images that came to mind but you did not find.PART twain My Reflections fromSeminar 4We began with ashort comparison within qualitative and quantitative approaches for collectingdata. After each student expressed his or her thoughts for which technique isthe most appropriate to be used, it was mouth by the seminar leader ofthe radical that for the purposes of our future project (litter thrown from cars)it is better to use the qualita tive techniques. Therefore, by doing so, the variant qualitative techniques were expressed out in loud. These included themajor direct and indirect techniques which corresponds with the focus group orobservation techniques. Then, a question was set in the seminar group whichmethod is more appropriate for us to use for collecting primary data asinexperienced people? After students expressed their opinions, the preferredone was chosen by the seminar leader (method of questionnaire).Inthe second part of the seminar, the group was divided into subgroups of 2persons and we were experienced, at least for most of us, our first real converse. In particular, each group had an interview (5mins) with each otherbased on some images (prepared material) which represent our feelings andthoughts about the environment we live in. By doing so, back to group, we allshare our information collected by each other and we allocated them intodifferent environmental categories (themes) for example pollutio n.For me, it wasmy first interview I ever had, it was a great opportunity to get familiar withnon-professional interview and I am really glad that I similarlyk part in this.Marketing Research SeminarFIVEPart One Prepared MaterialEvaluate the potential of ONEsampling method from the list below for conducting your research (including itsdrawbacks). Clearly link your evaluation of the chosen method to your researcha simple list of advantages and disadvantages is not qualified these need tobe related to your research. (LITTER THROWN FROM CARS)Lengthexpected to your answer between half and one page A4 double spaced Times NewRoman 12 pt font.A classification of samplingtechniquesNon probability take techniques-Convenience consume-Judgemental Sampling-Quota Sampling-Snowball SamplingProbability Sampling techniques-Simple Random Sampling-Systematic Sampling-Stratified Sampling-Cluster SamplingPART TWO MyReflections from Seminar Five (Word limit 200 300 words)In order to get a realisti c conclusion to ones findings, the researcherwill need to prompt themselves of the research question the method of surveyto be used in carrying out the research would also need to be evaluated andthe qualitative methods of approach (a questionnaire) should be finalised.For example, how does the consumer view the product to what extent isthere a problem? Do people acknowledge that there is a problem? These areissues the researcher needs to address. If needs be extra data will need to begathered, a bit more time would need to be taken, and eventually get to have amore accurate piece of data.In the method of survey, techniques such as face to face could reducecosts to gathering data a structured and easily picture questionnaire needs to beformulated in order to gather a proper verbal description of peoples feelings, andopinions. Whereby, open ended questions need to be avoided in the qualitativemethods of approach. The method of steganography could be used to gather theweightings pl aced by various age groups on the subject matter. For example,Male or female respondents, in which three different age groups can be gatheredmight prove to be a useful starting point.Possible questions to be included in questionnaire such as has therespondent eaten food in a car, in the last 30 days, or do they smoke in theircar? This could prove to be a hitter, with regard to extracting the rightanswer from the respondent. More important would be to be the safety of theresearcher. It would be best(predicate) to carry out such research in the day time.Politeness is the fundamental to getting the attention of potential respondents for thesubject matter.PART TWO My Reflections fromSeminar Six (Word limit 200 300 words)A more refinedquestion within the context of the questionnaire would be, how practically does therespondent eat or drink in the car whereby, there will be a set of multiple cream answers, can be deemed as a more appropriate measure of summing upinformation with regar d to the subject matter (Littering the streets).Multiple choice answers such asa.More than once a dayb.About once a dayc.2-6 times a weekd.once a weeke.once every 2-3 weeksf.once a monthg.less than once a monthOne must beaware of the fact that (g.) is not possible. However, it is good to have aproper representation of all possible scenarios represented in the questionnaire,so as to have the overall picture summed up.Although, thesafety of the researcher is important, it will be best to carry out theresearch during the day and within the university grounds. Why? With thechoice of a wide variety and greater number of students to choose from, it willgive the researcher the opportunity to gather more accurate answers, other thanapproaching people from the street. As give tongue to previously, it will be advisableto group the respondents into certain age groups. If potential respondents arenot part of the university or not in the age group (18 19, 20 21, and 22 -23) wanted, OR are in an age group which you have already collected theinformation required, then thank them for their time and locomote on. If otherwise,then the researcher should do vice-versa.Mostimportantly, the researcher should make sure that the respondent fills in thequestionnaire if they meet age and gender requirements.Racial ethics isnot a point of concern here, because the littering of streets could be carriedout by just about anybody. Therefore, it will be advisable to gatherinformation from as wide an audience as they can. Additionally, the age groupsbeing used to carry out this research can be deemed as too narrow a view.Because, as earlier said littering the streets is done by just about anybody.Therefore, it will be advisable to widen the spectrum of the age groupspossibly, 16 to 35 year olds would be more convincing.PART TWO My Reflections from Seminar Seven (Word limit 200 300 words)Having attendeda different seminar, with a different research topic chewing gums, usingqualitative ana lysis to unrestricted questions, sort of seems to be a moreappropriate research method. With 5 students fully accomplishing the tasksrequired from the questionnaire, from a total of 7 it gives one the impressionthat the research topic is not enticing. The use of post-it notes wasdelegated to the students to use as a means of describing what they have doneon each of the questionnaires answered. Each researcher was told to initialtheir name on each post-it note. Additionally, the gender of the respondent wasrequired on the post-it note. The use of a coding formulae for the answers tothe questions on the questionnaire such as (0 for NO and 1 for a YES answer),can be deemed as adequate for this exercise. Also, a coding formula was usedfor the each age group on the questionnaire. The answers given by therespondents to the questionnaires for each of the open-ended questions are thenwritten in the middle of the post-it. This gives a clearer understanding ofthe answers given in which a com parison of the qualitative methods andquantitative methods are then analyzed.Categorising thepost-it notes according to the answers given by the respondents, is a veryuseful measure to identify any trends. Although, some answers were rathersarcastic, it acts as a useful reminder that the results can provide an eyeopener into other relevant topics, for example, recommendations and sarcasm.The use ofqualitative methods (questionnaire and interviews) other than quantitativemethods can be deemed as more appropriate to this research topic. This isbecause it gives the researcher a hands-on approach to what is actuallyhappening, other than already established data which might prove to beoutdated.PART TWO My Reflections fromSeminar cardinal (Word limit 200 300 words)The use ofmanual coding to analyze data, can act as a useful method in providing the sortof weightings which the researcher would need to identify with when trying toreach conclusions about the subject matter. Using a spreadsh eet to give aclearer picture of the weightings on the codes used to analyze the categories ofconstrunts from the questionnaire can prove to be a pedagogical tool indecision making. As stated previously, the age group needs to be widened, soalso the fact whether one has a car or not, does not make a difference withregard to the subject matter, which is Litter discarded on the streets. Theconstructs such as feelings about pollution, health, footing to the environment,denial and blame, a problem or no problem of waste, visual, and individualresponsibility, are good classifications in putting the subject matter intoperspective. However, they need to be widened merely to gain an in-depthunderstanding of the subject matter.Additionally,one could use SPSS. This is a statistical software package, which enables theresearcher to carry out data transformation, matrix algebra, macro andscripting facilities. It has excellent data vigilance facilities and highquality graphics. It is applicable to many different research fields, althoughit has particular strengths in the areas of the amicable sciences, it can bedescribed as one of the most friendliest statistical packages of its kind.

History and Properties of Rubber

autobiography and Properties of coatHistory of arcticRubber was for the start time detect by the Indians living in Central and S stunnedh America at around atomic number 60 CE. The indigen people of the Americas use latex from the preventiveize trees (which they cal conduct it the cahuchu tree) and learned how to make raincoat clothes and footwears.1 They withal used the latex to make bouncing eyeballs for ball games.1 In 1736, a cut explorer named Charles Marie de La Condamine travelled to Ecuador and sight the genus surface tree tree (which is k straightaway as the refuge tree), he was the prototypic European to have disc overed galosh. He sent samples of this preventative to the French Academy of Sciences, this prompted their interest of galosh.2 effigy 1 latex paint liquid self-collected from the Hevea condom tree 3In 1770, English mastermind named Edward Nairne created some(prenominal) arctic cubes and discovered that they had erasing properties. This meant that they commode be satisfactory to wipe off pencil marks, this was later confirmed by English scientist named Joseph Priestley.4 In 1768, a French Chemist named Pierre Macquer studied the properties of the coat prove in S knocked out(p)h America. He rear that when caoutchouc is purposed in ether, ductile tubes can be take a leakd 5, this has led to dick being an important visible to m whatever everyday exercises. In 1791, a British shoemaker named Samuel rolling wave developed a rule for waterproofing cloth, this was make by blend spirit of turpentine (which is an crude oil that is reach by the distillate of rosin from languish trees) with penny-pinching-for- nonhing.6 In 1818, a economical surgeon named James Syme manufactured raincoats from waterproof cloth make from grievous-for- nonhing.7 This was whence later developed by Scottish chemist named Charles Macintosh. In 1823, he developed a method of reservation kick downstairs waterproof rain coats by dissolving synthetic substanceal gumshoe with naphtha (which is an oil bring home the bacon by the distillate of scorch tar) and then placing it with a nonher cloth (in determine to improve the thickness of the coat). The waterproof coat became cognise as the mac coat.8Figure 2 The Mackintosh Coat 9In 1832, the first no-account pulverisation was built, it was known as the Rosburg factory. Regrettably, when the golosh products do from the factory were left in the cold, it do them brittle, and when they were left in the sun the no-account fade outed, leaving customers to be discouraged.8 For many years, scientists have tried to develop revolutionary methods of increasing the capacity of pencil erasers without being successful. However, in 1839, an American chemist named Charles Goodyear had accidently discovered a new way of qualification surfaceises much durable. What he through with(p) was he accidentally dropped some mixture of congenital guard and siemens on a het up stove, this has led to the vulcanization of the rubber. 8In 1845, a Scottish inventor named Robert William Thompson invented the pneumatic tyre, this consisted of an inner belt do from subjective rubber that was inflated with air, this was a major(ip) development to the aim industry because heavy s police squad engines could be able to travel on the roads without damaging the surface, this was further developed in 1869 where solid and hollo rubber were used to make the tyres. In the 1850s, rubber toys were being get tod. 8 In 1876, an English explorer named Henry Wickham smuggled several seeds from the Hevea brasiliensis (which is the rubber tree found in Brazil) and took it to England. The English exported these seeds around the world, this has led to the increase in the supply of instinctive rubber around the world. 10In 1883, an American chemist named George Oenslager developed a new method of accelerating the vulcanization of born(p) rubber with entropy.7 He converted aniline into thiocarbanilide because it was easier to handle. From several experiments he conducted, he found out that thiocarbanilide was a good rubber accelerator for the vulcanization process. He was the first person to use speed of light black as a filler for the rubber because it increased the medium of the rubber. 11 In 1909, a German scientist named Fritz Hofmann and his fel beginning scientists produced the first synthetic rubber known as methyl isoprene save the problem with this rubber is that it was high-ticket(prenominal) to make.12In 1930, an American scientist named Wallace Carothers and his team produced a aggregate called chloropropene which then polymerised to level a solid which had a rubbery texture. The team had found out that the properties of this new polymer was corresponding to that of cancel rubber. This polymer was named as Neoprene and was the first commercially successful synthetic rubber.13 Also in the 1930s, a German chem ist named Walter bock had developed a new synthetic rubber which had split up properties than that of cancel rubber. He first tried to copolymerise dimethyl stilladiene with isoprene and butadiene, this was successful as the new polymer had similar properties to the natural rubber. He then replaced dimethyl butadiene with styrene and copolymerised with butadiene, the polymer was named as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber). This polymer was split up than natural rubber because it did non wear out speedy than its counterpart, the polymer was later known as Buna-S for commercial purposes. 14 A better synthetic rubber was later developed by copolymerising acrylonitrile with butadiene, the polymer was known as NBR (Nitrile-butadiene rubber), it was the later known as Buna-N for commercial purposes.In 1940, an American inventor named Waldon Semon produced a new synthetic rubber known as Ameripol, this was made by copolymerising butadiene with methyl methacrylate. This synthetic rubber wa s cheap and free to make, so it was a no-brainer that it was used in World War 2, and helped out rubber companies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company during the war. later on the war, the need for natural rubber died down, and the need for synthetic rubbers increased dramatically.15 In the 1960s, EPDM (which is known as Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber) was produced. The rubber is made by copolymerising by a diene derivative, ethylene and propylene. The rubber has many wagesous properties over the synthetic rubbers, one of them is that they have good electric insulating properties. EPDM rubber atomic number 18 now found in our everyday life such(prenominal) as hose, solar panels, electric insulation etc.16 The use of synthetic rubber is on a steep rise, and many new rubber materials have been made during the 21st Century.Natural RubberHow it is made?Natural rubber is produced by biosynthetic processes (in the earn of latex which is a whit e liquid that is found when you cut the plant up) in many plants, but mainly from the Hevea Brasiliensis (The rubber tree coming from Brazil). There argon two biosynthetic process to make latex. In the first set, Acetyl-coenzyme A is converted to melavanic dit which then is then converted to iso-pentyl-pyrophosphate. The second process is the polymerisation generate by the first microscope stage of the biosynthesis, from this process latex is created. The rubber manikin of the latex is then form by coagulating the latex particles. The rubber is made from a polymerisation of naturally occurring cis-polyisoprene. 17Figure 3Cis-polyisoprene, natural rubber 18Properties of Raw Natural RubberThe rubber has a clear colour and hasnt got a well-defined shape and it is soft and sticky, however when the rubber is cooled down it crystalizes, so has a well-defined shape. The rubber has a meek ductile peculiarity core it tends to kerfuffle if a number 1 totality of pliant stress is put into it. It has a low scraping resistivity kernel the rubber exit wear out quickly. It is dis oil-soluble to entire solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is deliver the goods by the distillation of resin from yen tree trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of scorch tar). It is water-insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a mellowed resilient property, this federal agency that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes rachis into its fender shape. The rubber can provided if be compromising surrounded by 10 0C to 60 0C, this marrow below raging conditions the rubber would lose its livelyity. Another property of the natural rubber is that it occupys a large follow of water this direction that it will be unceasingly wet and would need to dry it out in front the next stage of the proces s. 19Advantage of Raw Natural RubberThe hardness of the rubber can slowly be adjusted, so can be able to shape or coat any form of objects this is because the rubber has a high elastic property, this room that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes congest into its accredited shape. It can be used as an galvanic conductor or an electrical insulator. Can be able to absorb vibration and noise. It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. It also has a good surface friction so does not slide more than or less(prenominal) easily.Dis prefer of Raw Natural RubberThe rubber can only be elastic betwixt 10 0C to 60 0C, this delegacy nether hot conditions the rubber would lose its elasticity. The rubber has a low fictile force meaning it tends to bang up if a low meter of ductile stress is put into it. It has a low abrasion tube meaning the rubber will wear out quickly. It has a woeful immunity to any organic compounds this is because It is soluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from hurt trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). Another loss of natural rubber is that it has a slimy impedance to ozone meaning that when the ozone reacts with the ikon bonds it get a lines, this causes a crack.20 The crack then grows steadily because of further ozone attacks so this causes the strength of the rubber to decrease massively and cause it to join. Another hurt of natural rubber is it has a poor UV resistance this also manner that when it reacts with the double bond it breaks this also means that cracks will from causing the tensile strength to be severely reduced meaning the strength of the rubber would be reduced massively and causing it to break. 20 Another outrage is that vulcanization of the rubber can occur spontaneously , so it is hard to curb the raw state of the natural rubber.The vulcanization of Natural RubberTo improve the properties of the natural rubber, the process of vulcanisation is used to do this. Vulcanization is a process that involves adding natural rubber to a curing agent such as sulphur. The process is done to a lower place heat, so by heating system the rubber in the presence of the curing agent the physical and chemical properties of the rubber would be significantly improved. The reason it does is, because when heating the rubber in the presence of the curing agent, the polymer set up atomic number 18 cross-linked by the agent, therefore the free-flowing macromolecules of the polymer chains becomes more rigid.21 Vulcanization must be under controlled condition to obviate creating a massive amount of cross-linking, this means that it will head off make the rubber less elastic and more brittle.Figure 4 Cis-polyisoprene with sulphur cross-links after vulcanization 23Prope rties of Vulcanised RubberThe rubber has a clear colour and it is hard and not sticky, when the rubber is cooled down it crystalizes, so has a well-defined shape. The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It is not soluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a high elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its pilot shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -40 0C to speed of light 0C which is better than what the given temperature feed is for the natural rubber in its raw state, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. Another property of the natural rubber is that it does not absorb a large amount of water this means it can be dried easily before the next stage of the process. 23Advantages of Vulcanised RubberThe hardness of the rubber can easily be adjusted, so can be able to shape or coat any form of objects this is because the rubber has a high elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. It can be used as an electrical conductor or an electrical insulator. Can be able to absorb vibration and noise. It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. It is also insoluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil a ttained by the distillation of coal tar). It also has a good surface friction so does not slide about easily. The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. The rubber can only be elastic between -40 0C to 100 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the natural rubber in its raw state, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. Another advantage of the vulcanize rubber is that it does not absorb a large amount of water this means it can be dried easily before the next stage of the process. It has a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks form than in its raw state. This means that it is less believably to break than the raw natural rubber.Disadvantages of Vulcanised RubberIf the change rubber is burned it can be toxic for the workers and consumers th is is because it contains sulphur cross-links which can form sulphur dioxide. Vulcanization must be under controlled condition to avoid creating a massive amount of cross-linking, this means that it will avoid making the rubber less elastic and more brittle. Another disadvantage of vulcanized rubber, is that when you heat the rubber it melts and then cools quickly, this is quite dangerous for the people who argon handling it. Another disadvantage of using vulcanized rubber, is natural rubber are becoming more scarce, therefore the cost of making the vulcanized rubber is increasing. To overcome this problem, scientist have been trying to make vulcanized rubber out of synthetic rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR), however the problem with this is that it is not cost effect and it is very expensive to make.24Applications of Natural Rubber and vulcanise RubberThe main usage of natural rubber is in the push industry. It is used to make tyres and tubes in vehicles this is be cause it decreases any generation of heat in the tyres. It also offers high mechanical resistance. Tyres and tubes are used mainly in heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and tractors. 23 Natural rubbers can be used to make toys, footwear, balloons, glue and condoms. Another important application of natural rubbers is that they can be used to make latex gloves. Latex gloves are used in many industries such as the aesculapian industry, chemical industry, and engineering industry, this is because due to the chemical and physical properties of the natural rubber mentioned above it can protect workers and consumers hands from hazardous chemicals.25There are several applications for the vulcanized rubber. Vulcanized rubbers are much better to produce tyres than natural rubber this is due to having high abrasion resistance meaning tyres wont wear out quickly. The rubber is flexible, this means that it can be used to make hoses, tubes, coats etc Shock absorbers in vehicles are made from vul canized rubbers due to being able to absorb vibrations easily.26 As the rubber, does not dissolve in water, it can be used to make waterproof garments and footwears. Another application of using vulcanized rubber is that they can be used to produce cables for telephone housing, and can be able to produce insulations and conductors for electrical instruments. The reason why they are used in electrical instruments, is that have good electrical insulating and conducting properties.Synthetic RubbersSynthetic Rubbers are made by copolymerising two different monomers under certain conditions. There are 3 conditions (the mixture can be in) it can be done in such as emulsion, suspension and solution. There are 9 major classes of synthetic rubbers Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers (NBR), Butyl Rubbers (IIR), Polychloroprene (CR), Ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPDM), Urethane rubbers (EU), Silicone rubbers (VMQ), Fluoroelestomer (FKM), Flurosilicone (FVMQ).2 7 In this 4 major classes are being discussed.PolychloropreneIn 1930, an American scientist named Wallace Carothers and his team produced a compound called chloropropene which then polymerised to form a solid which had a rubbery texture. The team had found out that the properties of this new polymer was similar to that of natural rubber. This polymer was named as Neoprene and was the first commercially successful synthetic rubber.13Neoprene is produced by the free-radical polymerisation of chloroprene. The chloroprene undergoes polymerisation under aqueous emulsion.28Properties of PolychloropreneThe rubber has a greyish green colour.28 The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It can dissolve with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, pet rol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a moderate elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -34 0C to 100 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the natural rubber, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. The rubber has a low flammability, and has a high resistance to stomach and ozone.29Figure 5 Polychloroprene 30Advantages of PolychloropreneThis rubber is tougher than natural rubber because it has a higher tensile strength than natural rubber meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a very high resistance to hot conditions and other weather conditions this means that it does n ot melt or break easily. Another advantage of polychloroprene rubber is that they have a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks forms than in its natural counterpart. This means that it is less likely to break than the natural rubber. It has a low flammability and can be able to self-extinguish if it is on fire. The structure of the polychloroprene can be altered to create a new compound which can bear witness different chemical and physical properties.Disadvantages of PolychloropreneThe rubber has a poor resistance to aromatic compounds such as benzene derivatives, they also have poor resistance to carbonyl compounds such as ketones and esters, and, also has a poor resistance to strong oxidising agents. Another disadvantage of polychloroprene, is that they are quite expensive to produce. 29 common applications of PolychloropreneProduction of hosesmaking belts qualification cable covers for electrical instrumentsStyrene-butadiene RubberIn the 1930s, a German chemist named Walter bock had developed a new synthetic rubber which had better properties than that of natural rubber. He first tried to copolymerise dimethyl butadiene with isoprene and butadiene, this was successful as the new polymer had similar properties to the natural rubber. He then replaced dimethyl butadiene with styrene and copolymerised with butadiene, the polymer was named as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber).14Styrene-butadiene Rubber is produced by the free-radical polymerisation of styrene heterogeneous with butadiene. The monomers undergo free- radical polymerisation under aqueous emulsion. The monomers can also undergo polymerisation in the form of solution.31Properties of Styrene-butadiene RubberThe rubber has a brown -black colour. 31 The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It can dissolve with organic so lvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is soluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a moderate elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -45 0C to 100 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the Polychloroprene, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. 29Figure 6 Styrene-butadiene rubber 32Advantages of Styrene-butadiene RubberThis rubber is tougher than natural rubber because it has a higher tensile strength than natural rubber meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rub ber will not wear out quickly. Another advantage of styrene-butadiene rubber is that it is much more cost effective than natural rubber, and the production of the rubber is much more efficient than its natural counterpart.Disadvantages of Styrene-butadiene RubberIt has a poor resistance to any organic compounds this is because It is soluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). Another disadvantage of natural rubber is that it has a poor resistance to ozone meaning that when the ozone reacts with the double bonds it breaks, this causes a crack. The crack then grows steadily because of further ozone attacks so this causes the strength of the rubber to decrease massively and cause it to break. Fillers like carbon black are needed to strengthen the rubber.Typical applications of Styrene-butadiene RubberProduction of car tyresMaking matsMaking shoe solesPoly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbersIn 1931, scientists IG Farben developed a synthetic rubber which consisted of copolymerising acrylonitrile with butadiene, the polymer was known as NBR (Nitrile-butadiene rubber), it was the later known as Buna-N for commercial purposes. 14Styrene-butadiene Rubber is produced by the free-radical polymerisation of styrene mixed with butadiene. The monomers undergo free- radical polymerisation under aqueous emulsion.14Properties of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbersThe rubber has a yellowish colour.33 It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, a nd alcohol. The rubber has a good elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -34 0C to 121 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the Polychloroprene, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. However, at low temperature, the rubber loses its elasticity.29Figure 7 Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile)34Advantages of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbersIt has a very high resistance to hot conditions and other weather conditions this means that it does not melt or break easily. Another advantage of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubber is that they have a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks forms than in its natural counterpart. This means that it is less likely to break than the natural rubber. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. Another advantage of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubber is that it has a high resistance in oil this is because It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). 29Disadvantages of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbersAt low temperature, the rubber loses its elasticity. Another disadvantage of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers, is that they have poor resistance to carbonyl compounds such as ketones and esters, and, also has a poor resistance to strong oxidising agents. 29Typical applications of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbersMaking nitrile glovesCan be used for O-ringsCan be used to make hoses and tubingEthylene propylene Terpolymer RubberIn the 1960s, EPDM (which is known as Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber) was produced. The rubber is made by copolymerising by a diene derivative, ethylene and propylene. The rubber has many advantageous properties over the synthetic rubbers, one of them is that they have good electrical insulating properties. EPDM rubber are now found in our everyday life such as hose, solar panels, electrical insulation etc. 16Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber is produced by the copolymerisation of ethylene, propylene and a diene derivative. The monomers under copolymerisation in the form of solution.Figure 8 EPDM 35Properties of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer RubberThe rubber has a yellowish colour. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a goo d elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -40 0C to 149 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubber, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. 29Advantages of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer RubberIt has a very high resistance to hot conditions and other weather conditions this means that it does not melt or break easily so does not age very easily. Another advantage of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer rubber is that they have a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks forms than in its natural counterpart. This means that it is less likely to break than the natural rubber. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. The rubber is very cost effective, so it is cheaper to make than the other rubber compounds. 29Disadvantages of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer RubberIt has a poor resistance to oils, this is because It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar).29Typical applications