Thursday, February 28, 2019

How Craft Changed Oreo Marketing Strategy in China

How kraft Changed the oreo cookie and Its Global merchandise dodging for Success in mainland mainland chinaware Gale occupation Insights Global moorage Study Collection Learning Objectives After analyzing this case study, students should be adequate to(p) to do the following Explain at least three benefits of commercialise research in fruit development for international and emerging soft touchets range traditional and nontraditional strategies for increasing revenue by entering fresh-fashi atomic number 53d global commercializes Appreciate the effect of cultural norms and tastes for firms expanding to un purposed markets Discuss how firms faeces accent fruits to local anaesthetic anaesthetic tastes musical composition increasing brand value globally IntroductionOne of the to a greater extent popular strategies for firms to increase remuneration in the 21st carbon has been to expand to in the raw, growing markets. China, India, and new(prenominal) Asian and Pacific countries ingest receive a great deal of attention by North Ameri whoremaster and European firms attempting to tap growing levels of expendable in cope from the emerging middle classes in these countries. The strategy seems sound, scarce its execution is critical to its success or failure. more than examples exist of companies in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s failing to pip traction in these new markets.Firms often try to attract new customers by offering essentially the same products that have leaned in opposite markets. They support this strategy by adding sales and market staff and opposite resources to convince potential buyers in the new market of the value of their products. crack a standard product across markets can minimize cost and increase profit margins. However, cultural norms, tastes, and preferences vary greatly between a firms home market and the new market it whitethorn be attempting to enter.It is often difficult for firms to gau ge the right mix of normalization and localization while still making growth profitable quite than being a drag on profits. For example, Campbell Soup Co. saw an chance to make big profits in Russia and China with its pre rigd soup products. check to The seawall Street Journal, Campbell estimated that Russians and Chinese eat soup five dollar bill clock per week on average. As life in China and Russia gets busier and a lot women enter the modelplace, the company forecasted that people would have less time to prepare meals and that the demand for preprepared food would increase.However, Campbell found subsequently social classs of merchandise its products in these countries that its canned soup strategy did not capture the revenue it inevitable to be profitable. Campbell introduced and then pulled its condensed soups bring break of China in the 1990s, and the company announce in June 2011 that it would c lose its Russian operations four social classs after entering the market. kraft Foods Inc. is another company that sees opportunities for new and growing profits in Asia. The companys first attempts to enter Asian markets were as unsuccessful as Campbells initial attempts.However, kraft decided to transubstantiation to a new marketing strategy, grounded in a divers(prenominal) ground of how to best expand into new markets. kraft paper Foods and the oreo cookie in 2005 In Need of a Change The first oreo cookie cookies were produced in smart York City in 1912 and registered as a Nabisco trademark unrivalled class later. Nearly a century of popular marketing beseechs made oreos oneness of the best trade ining cookies and best-known food brands in the joined States. end-to-end this period of popularity, very little changed about the physical cookie oreo cookies remained a sandwich cookie with chocolate ends and a cream-fill center.The design of the cookie helped pop out an eating ritual that tugrs soon appropriated to make the coo kie even more popular the twist, lick, and dunk method for eating the cookie has been a centerpiece of oreo advertising for many years. By 2005, the Oreo cookie had been a mainstay in U. S. consumer culture for nearly a century. However, sales in the linked States had seemed to peak, and international growth in emerging markets in Asia and elsewhere was slow if barely noticeable at all. The Oreo was introduced in China in 1996, in he same form that a customer would find it in a grocery store in the united States. Sales had been flat for the first five years of the 2000s and were in decline. In 2007, kraft paper Foods China was an unprofitable, $100 million business that was not growing, noteworthy Sanjay Khosla, Kraft Foods president of developing markets, in an interview published by the Boston Consulting theme. Kraft was even conjectureing of pulling the product out of the Chinese market completely, due to poor sales. The company as a whole was performing poorly. This led to a shake-up of executive concern in 2006, with Irene B.Rosenfeld installed as chief executive officer (chief operating officer). Rosenfeld had previously worked at Kraft for 22 years before leaving in 2003 to wellspring Frito-Lay North America. In early 2007, Rosenfeld outlined a strategy to modus operandi the company around that included product quality, research and development (R&D), and acquisitions as critical to the future growth of the company. Rosenfeld hired cutting-edge business leading such as Khosla to help create the strategy that would change the sort Kraft Foods Inc. does business. Fewer, but Larger Bets harvest-tide finished centralize and the 5-10-10 Strategy at Kraft FoodsWhen Sanjay Khosla left Fonterra Group in 2007 to spearhead Kraft Foods business in developing countries, he was tasked with discovering a way to crystallize the potential for growth in developing markets that had eluded Kraft and so many other enormous, successful international firms. That varied approach eschewed the traditional root that a company must produce more in do to sell more. In a 2011 feature on Khosla in gelt Magazine, Khosla noted that companies were just planting their flags, with a one-size-fits-all attitude that didnt work.You cant just force stuff from one country to another. Instead, Kraft Foods would redesign the way it, and other firms, entered emerging markets. Khosla coauthored an article with Mohanbir Sawhney for Strategy+Business magazine, called Growth Through Focus, in which the authors details the many changes that took place at Kraft Foods to succeed in developing markets. A typical growth through and through more strategy, they write, diffuses the organizations efforts. It increases the complexity of the organization and its operations. Companies should not produce more to drive growth but should instead centralize its operations and strategy to achieve growth. The engines of growth, write Khosla and Sawhney, are focus ( few b rands, fewer categories, and fewer markets) and simplicity (simple survey, simplified execution, and simpler organizational designs). Kraft Foods would choose which brands have the best chances of winning in which markets and then supply its prudence and employees with an copiousness of resources to succeed. We have found that seemingly mature businesses can be energized by making fewer but larger bets. The executive team at Kraft had a strategy for winning but had to ensure that its employees at all levels understood and executed the strategy, so it came up with a vision statement or hook that would be communicated throughout the ranks, called the 5-10-10 strategy five categories, ten brands, and ten markets. 5-10-10 would help communicate to all employees exactly what the major priorities for the company would be, providing a sense in its culture that executive management was open and committed with its strategies and goals.After conducting several workshops with its managers and employees all over the world, where open and impartial feedback was encouraged, Kraft Foods decided that its best chance at winning would be to focus on two categories cookys and chocolate. Although it has been successful mostly in the linked States, Oreo had recently, in 2006, buy the farm the bestselling biscuit in China, due to new marketing and product development tactics implemented by a team led by Shawn Warren, wrong president of Marketing at Kraft Foods International.By focusing on China with the Oreo and taking focus away from other successful brands and emerging markets, Kraft Foods Inc. was making a big bet indeed. Breaking the Cookie Mold Recreating the Oreo for the Chinese Consumer What followed was a pore, open-minded market research project to find out why the traditional Oreo was not working in China and, more importantly, to figure out the kind of biscuit (called cookie in the United States) would appeal to Chinese consumers. The findings uncovered precis ely why the Oreo was not perioding on with the Chinese.It may seem obvious that different cultures have different tastes and norms, but sometimes it takes a lot of enthronisation in market research to discover exactly what those differences are and to send away from anecdotal opinions to actionable empirical evidence. First, the Oreo that had appealed to millions of Americans over the course of a century was simply too sweet for the Chinese palate. Put simply, the Chinese did not evently like the taste of the traditional Oreo. Research in like manner found that the cookie itself was too big and that the price of 72 cents for 14 Oreos was too high.Product Development and Recasting the Oreo Cookie In receipt to this new understanding of Chinese consumer opinions, Kraft Foods Asia Pacific division went to work to create the kind of product that might be able to catch on in the region. The Wall Street Journal reported that 20 prototypes were actual with reduced sugar content. Kra ft tested the prototypes to find a formula that Chinese consumers would find most appetizing. They did the same for packaging and pricing, subsiding on a package that cost 29 cents and contained fewer Oreos.Other product development innovations, based on market research insights, went foster in transforming the Oreo in China. Learning that demand for wafer-type biscuits was on the rise in China, Kraft introduced a wafer version of the Oreo that looked nothing like the one so well known in North America but tasted nearly the same as the cookie form, under its new Chinese balance of sweetness and chocolate. This new Oreo contained four crispy wafer layers filled with vanilla and chocolate cream, all covered in chocolate coating.Innovative product development followed to react to market research and attempt to tailor the marketing of the Oreo brand to the Chinese consumer. New filling flavors aimed specifically at the Chinese consumer were introduced, including green tea, orange, man go, and blueberry. In an interview with Retail in Asia, a web publication that covers Asia retail news, Kraft Foods Asia Pacific Sales vice president Andy Tosney described how Kraft Foods had even invested in new R&D to custom fit its Oreo brand products to suit the particular needs of the Asia Pacific consumer We discovered that biscuits and sweets snacking tends to be a cold go phenomenon, meaning that sometimes consumption tends to slow down if the temperature gets very hot. With this insight, we developed Oreo IceCream. The fillings in the biscuits have different ice-cream flavours. The advanced technology we use allows the ice-cream fillings to give out an amazing cooling sensation in the utter as though youre eating an ice cream. The product is improbably successful in China and Indonesia.Tosney added that Kraft had taken a further step of transforming its supply-chain logistics in order to ship the ice-cream-filled cookies from the colder northern China climates to the muc h hotter south of China. Kraft doubled its China sales force to sell these new products, truly bringing to bear the Focus through Growth model that Khosla and CEO Irene Rosenfeld were now championing for the entire company. It did not take capacious for these changes to take effect on the marketplace. In 2006, the Oreo became the number oneselling biscuit in China.From 2008 to 2010, according to Khosla in his Boston Consulting Group interview, revenues from the Oreo brand grew by more than 30 percent per year on average, with better-than-average margins. Before Kraft Foods big push in China, the biscuit and cookie market was not particularly profitable compared to other countries. The Wall Street Journal reported that the Chinese market for biscuits in 2007 was US$1. 3 billion compared to the US$3. 5 billion U. S. market. Now that Kraft Foods felt it had the products the Chinese postulateed, it had to let Chinese consumers know about it.Going Glocal with the Oreo Brand and the Mar keting Mix Kraft Foods innovative strategies to grow in China did not stop at new product development. To advertise the new, tailored Oreo brand, Kraft Foods had to apply the same locally focused thinking to advertising its products. Kraft did this through what Khosla has termed a glocal strategy. Glocal is the idea of utilizing a firms global financial and organizational muscle while localizing marketing leadership and tactics.The first step was to push larger marketing decision-making out of Kraft Foods headquarters just outside of Chicago, Illinois, United States, to the regional managers. The idea is simple but often unutilized by large multinational firms Managers who live in different markets surely know the markets better than the executives at headquarters. These local managers should be challenged to be entrepreneurial with their segment of the business and hence given control of a great deal of strategy and financial resources, resources that are typically centralized at home office.As Khosla and Sawhney write in Growth through Focus, decision making needs to be go closer to customers and consumers so that the people responsible for results have the operating exemption they need. Supported with corporal resources but free to choose how to utilize those resources, local managers are able to innovate and execute quickly, instead of waiting for corporate approval to undertake initiatives. Given this freedom, local managers in the Chinamarket innovated effective new ways to get the word out about the new Oreo to Chinese consumers.Important to the glocal ethos the company had now initiated, these managers developed marketing campaigns that utilized local means to target Chinese populations, while simultaneously supporting the Oreo brand, increasing its global equity. For example, advertising focused on teaching the Chinese consumer about the twist, lick, and dunk technique that is so popular in the United States. The new Oreo products introduced in C hina were designed intentionally to handle in that same experience, although in slightly different ways.Kraft launched a TV campaign where children were shown demonstrating the technique to their parents. Another TV ad featured a twist on this situation, with China-born NBA basketball star Yao Ming showing his son how to twist, lick, and, in particular, dunk an Oreo. In addition to the TV ad strategy, Kraft Foods know that mobilizing support on the ground was just as important as spreading the word on Chinas airwaves. To encourage the mating of milk with Oreo cookies, Kraft organized a grassroots campaign to get Chinese university students to do its marketing for them.Thirty Chinese universities were chosen to figure in an Oreo Aambassador program, drawing 6,000 applications from students. Three hundred of these students were chosen to become Oreo brand ambassadors, and they undertook a range of activities, including riding their rounds around capital of Red China with Oreo-bra nded wheel covers and organizing basketball games with a marketing angle of comparing dunking a basketball with dunking an Oreo in milk. Oreo samples were handed out to more than 300,000 customers. In a Wall Street Journal article on the Oreos success in China, Kraft Foods Inc.CEO Irene Rosenfeld called the Oreo bicycle campaign a stroke of genius that only could have come from local managers. The more opportunity our local managers have to deal with local conditions will be a source of competitive advantage for us. The Oreo Ambassador program was so successful that it has been extended to other markets, such as India and Indonesia, and each Oreo Ambassador iteration is promoted on Facebook and other social media sites, in order to reach active college crowds in these markets. ConclusionIn 2007, the year after Kraft introduced the new Oreo into the Chinese market, sales doubled, and the Oreo became Chinas number one cookie. Sales in China helped the Oreo brand to pass the US$1 bill ion mark in global sales. In 2009, Forbes reported that in the year expiry September 2009 Kraft Foods had earned a 22. 4 percent market share in the US$1. 6 billion cookie market. harmonise to Krafts website, China is now the second-largest market for the Oreo, after the United States. Kraft Foods glocal marketing strategy shows a new way for firms to carve up out into new markets and reach the new customers that the market research promises.Krafts strategy works because it is founded on the assumption that growing in a new, developing market is not necessarily an easy proposition and requires a deep level of understanding of the consumers in that market and a willingness to break substantial resources to create products and marketing campaigns that truly serve actual consumers. This may sound like Marketing 101, but the many examples of firms that have failed to crack hold of Asia-Pacific consumers shows that Kraft Foods execution of this strategy played a large role in the co mpanys success in this market.In an interview with Marketing-interactive. com, Kraft Foods Asia Pacific vice president of marketing Shawn Warren nicely states the difference between those firms that succeed and those who do not The importance of change from the I think culture to the I know culture, thats a vital lesson we learnt in China. Questions What did Kraft Foods Inc. learn about the Chinese consumer through market research that it did not know before? Do you conceive that the company reacted properly to the market research? How might they have reacted other than?What did Kraft do differently from other firms that try to grow through entering new markets? Do you think Krafts methods would work for all multinational firms trying to grow in new markets or regions? Do you think that the Oreo brand has been strengthened, or weakened, due to Kraft Foods actions of changing the Oreo cookie itself in other markets? Can you think of other brands that it would benefit to undergo a similar transformation? Which brands could lose value if a drastic product change were made? find of another developing market a firm may want to enter.How do you think this markets consumers might be different from Chinese consumers? How might they be similar? Could Sanjay Khosla and Mohanbir Sawhneys Growth Through Focus strategy can be applied to all companies? Which companies may not benefit from this growth framework? Further Readings References/Bibliography Chowdhry, Seema. Sanjay Khosla Khosla and the Chocolate Factory. Livemint. com, November 19, 2011. Accessed skirt 7, 2012. http//www. livemint. com/2011/11/18201634/Sanjay-Khosla Khosla-and-the. html. Finding the Right Blend Is Crucial Kraft CEO Irene Rosenfeld. The Economic Times, November 23, 2011. Accessed butt 7, 2012. http//articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2011-11-23/news/30433514_1_kraft-ceo-irene-rosenfeld-oreo-kraft-executives. Jacobson, Robert R. , and David E. Salamie. Kraft Foods Inc. International D irectory of Company Histories. Ed. Jay P. Pederson. Vol. 91. Detroit St. jam Press, 2008. 291-306. Jargon, Julie. Campbell Soup To Exit Russia Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), June 19, 2001 B9. . Kraft Reformulates Oreo, score in China. Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2008 B1. Khosla, Sanjay, and Mohanbir Sawhney. Growth through Focus A Blueprint for Driving Profitable Expansion. Strategy+Business 60. disdainful 24, 2010. Accessed environ 7, 2012. http//www. strategy-business. com/article/00034? gko=63292. Lautman, Victoria. Kraft Foodss Brand New World. Chicagomag. com, June 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. http//www. chicagomag. com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2011/Kraft-Foodss-Brand-New-World. Ng, Erica. Profile Shawn Warren, VP Marketing Kraft APAC. Marketing-interactive. com, October 27, 2010. Accessed March 7, 2012. http//www. marketing-interactive. com/news/22808. Silverstein, Michael J. Sanjay Khosla on the antecedent of Focus An Interview with the President of Krafts Deve loping Markets Business. Bgc. perspectives by The Boston Consulting Group, December 5, 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. https//www. bcgperspectives. com/content/interviews/consumer_products_globalization_khosla_sanjay_president_krafts_developing_markets_business. Talking Shop Kraft FoodsConquering the Asian Market with Global Thinking. Retail in Asia, February 8, 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. http//www. retailinasia. com/article/sectors/food-beverage/2011/02/talking-shop-kraft-foods-%E2%80%93-conquering-asian-market-global-thin.

Accy

Discussion oral sex Set 1 iPhone at orchard apple tree (25 points) Lenny Allegretti 1. Which accounting method dress hat confers the economic candor? Put another way, which accounting total the generally accepted accounting principles or non-generally accepted accounting principles numbers best reflects economic reality? 10 points Economic reality can be defined as the overall outlook of the delivery at a certain point in time. This outlook includes factors such(prenominal) as interest rates, politics, and speculation. In its Q4 pecuniary results Apple reported both(prenominal) GAAP and non-GAAP tax revenue enhancement and net profit for the iPhone.Their GAAP results showed 7. 9 trillion in revenue and 1. 1 criterionion in net profit. The non-GAAP showed revenue of 11. 7 billion and net profit of 2. 4 billion. The GAAP results reflect the usage of subscription accounting for the iPhone. Subscription accounting recognizes product terms and revenue on a straight line basi s over 24 months (the bonny user time period of a single mobile device). This causes the change of an iPhone to be placed in deferred revenue to be evenly distri howevered for the following(a) deuce years. It also accounts for the costs of goods sold.The non-GAAP results followed the time of sale method. This accounts for the product revenue and cost in the period that revenue or product cost is incurred. Considering the facts I debate that the non-GAAP numbers best reflect economic reality. These are the true numbers of how the iPhone truly performed in that quarter. Apple is a partnership that spends a tremendous amount of money on R & group A D each year and they forget hold on to do that until they arrest to exist. Therefore, purchase an iPhone should not be recorded as a subscription, but it should be recorded time of sale.The fact is that Apple will continue to wage hike its platforms and its devices. The idea of straight line basis accounting for the iPhone does no t follow an economic reality. The reality is mountain want to know how sales and revenue for the iPhone faired in that quarter. The fact that past quarters sales ware an effect on that does not economically show the reality of the influence the iPhone has on Apple. 2. Should Apple lobby for their non-GAAP numbers to be sanctioned by FASB? 7. 5 points I believe that Apple should not lobby for their non-GAAP numbers to be sanctioned by FASB.Apple decided to use the subscription method payable to consumer backlash at an upgrade give for the iPhone. Today Apple holds a large portion of the smart phone industry. If a small upgrade fee for the iPhone was enacted I personally believe it would not affect sales. For example, people pay on average $75-$100 for their cell phone bill a month a small $5 one or two time fee would not stray people from purchasing an iPhone. Therefore, there would be no need to lobby for the non-GAAP numbers because the in the raw numbers with fees charged f or upgrades would be accepted under GAAP.However, with the industry sample set at remedy upgrades for the consumer, it may be beneficial for Apple along with other smartphone companies to lobby for this. Realistically the smartphone market is a well-heeled market. Time will tell if these companies will decide to lobby to the FASB. tied(p) though I believe it is not necessary for Apple to do with their current stake in the market I do believe that it may occur with the industry standard set. 3. Does it matter if the revenue science rule for smartphones changes? 7. 5 points We have established that there are two methods to recognize smartphone revenue time of sale and subscription methods. The attach to providing the phone has the excerption on which one to pick. If they choose to offer free upgrades by GAAP they are forced to pick the subscription method. If they choose to charge a fee for upgrades they are allowed to choose the time of sale method. Since consumers are drawn i nto the free upgrades I believe that revenue recognition for smartphones will remain to be subscription.Even though the time of sale method can be autocratic for companies with concerns to their financials, the industry has almost set the standard of offering consumers free upgrades. Overall, I do believe it will matter if the revenue recognition is changed. It will allow financial analysts to gather a greater understanding of the financial position a smartphone company is in. This helps gauge future growth and company position on the public market.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Big business and how it affects media ethics Essay

The effect of media on the common as shown in the long list of Hollywood movies is of prime concern with greathearted trading that targets wad consumption of their products, redevelopments and ideas. Big furrow sells not merely a product or a answer but a whole lifestyle and mode of thinking. Big argument sells a whole package of beliefs passed on from one generation of consumers to the next.McGuire (1986) state several of the most commonly mentioned int displaceed media cause (a) the effects of advertize on purchasing, (b) the effects of political campaigns on voting, (c) the effects of public service announcements (PSAs) on personal behavior and social improvement, (d) the effects of propaganda on ideology, and (e) the effects of media ritual on social control. And the one who could manipulate the media eventually controls the effects media has on its audience. And callable to this interest, big moving in has not been complacent in using media to further its interests to the extent of affecting media moral philosophy.There is a fight between big business and media as one tries to use, outwit and arrive at from each others function. Media needs the advertising money that big business has. And big business needs medias format and filtrate to help push their products in competitive markets. On ordinary and conventional circumstance, business countersign volition be the usual reporting of financial markets, who recently go hired or who recently got promoted but clock are changing as media and big business realize the power they have over each other.Private enterprise has been and continues to be panorama of as a private ?affair by many who pursue in it. But for a multitude of reasons, the ? media try (and not practically enough, some argue) to make private transactions public business. The press is reflexion business closely. One page from a metropolitan ? newspaper stomach tell the story. The Orange County Register, a southern ? Ca lifornia daily with a circulation of over 300,000, reported stories under ? these headlines one day in proterozoic 1987 GM plans to lay off 2,000 in ? Kansas City Ford exec asks delete in Japanese Imports SEC chief says ?more big news is comingGuiness director quits over scheme People/Continental to offer 2-for-1 tickets GE to lay off 3,000 workers at ? Northeast plants A large picture showed striking Lockheed Shipbuilding workers crossing a outlook line ? in Seattle. (Blohowiak, 1987) Its more dangerous when both age bracket each other into twisting the truth and step over business and media ethics. In this light, big business and media profit from the unethical practice of their crafts with the mass markets eventually receiving un on the dot consequences as illustrated by the highly celebrated Enron fiasco.In the wake of apparently dishonest practices by Enron Corp. executives, and apparent negligence by members of its board of directors, many are asking how people believed to be so smart could have lacked the moral courage to seek and tell the truth. As there is after every financial scandal, a call is existence made for more courses in business ethics in the guide universities. (Berlau, 2002) Another example of the big business that has continually been in headlines is the business of war.Media has played a critical role in convincing voters to view as the decision of their leaders to go to war and spend for war. Smith in 1994 explains that armament firms have sought to influence public opinion through and through the control of newspapers in their own and foreign countries, that armament firms have nonionic international armament rings through which the armament race has been accentuated by playing off one country against another, that armament firms have organised international armament trusts which have increased the price of armaments sold to governments. (Smith, 1994) As the Bush administration furthers its campaign against terror, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are slowly decent the most expensive campaign since World War II. Lawmakers and congressional provide reports that Pentagon is preparing $127 billion to $160 billion worth of requests for its armed services due for 2007. Thats on top of $70 billion already approved for 2007.Since 2001, Congress has approved $502 billion for the war on terror, roughly two-thirds for Iraq. The up-to-the-minute request, due to reach the incoming pop-controlled Congress next spring, would make the war on terror more expensive than the Vietnam War. (Wolf, 2006) The business of war just corresponding any other kind of big business will succeed to prosper and profit because behind these big businesses are media partners that by themselves big business as well.Media ethics is nowhere to be implant in bottom line discussions between the big businesses and the use of the networks to work specific interests as elaborated by the action of Sinclair Broadcasting company and their support for the Bush Administration presidential campaigns. If what can only be described as an attempt by a large, conservative stool to keep a corporate president in power, Sinclair Broadcasting Group, which owns 62 stations nationwide, has ordered all of its stations to pre-empt regular programming and quite show an anti-Kerry film along the lines of the Swift Boat Liars one week before the election.Its not the American way for powerful corporations to forcible local broadcasters to air lies promoting a political agenda, said David Wade, a spokesman for the Democratic nominees campaign. Its beyond yellow journalism its a smear bankrolled by Republican money, and I dont think Americans will stand for it. (Bowers, 2004) Big business has taken into its payroll department media elements including important roles that protect standards.This is imperative if big business wants to ensure victor in the big amount of money they invest on advertising or news reporting for example. Although bad or frank advertizement is still advertisement and can help brand retention, at the end of the day, consumers would always go for the products and services that have a good reputation. And with media ethics slowly getting softer and softer, with manipulations with words, graphics and endorsers, a not so good product will sell. These are possible due to evolving market models.The overweening market model has diminished the authority of news editors, once guardians of quality, the mankinds bulwarks against illegitimate pressures exerted by the owners, the public, or other stakeholders. The editors, in a sense, were newsrooms superegos, the disinterested enforces of standards. Most editors are now firmly embedded in the corporate hierarchy, directly answerable to fiscal matters. They are paid like executives a big change from the recent past and are pass judgment to conform to corporate fiscal priorities. (Gardner, 2001).

Advertisements Exploiting Children

Are trustworthy practises of publicize to children exploitative? What restrictions should be placed on advertise to children? Up until recently, p arnts had been the intended target audience for ad efforts aimed for children of juvenility jump on groups. each(prenominal) the alike(p) it is now the children who build become the main focus.The growth in advertising channels pass arounding children and the privatisation of childrens media character scram resulted in a dramatic increase in advertising directly intended for the eyeball and ears of children (Wilcox et al. 2004). It is estimated that advertisers spend more(prenominal) than $12 billion a year on the youth market with more than 40,000 commercials each year. The current practises of advertising to unfledged children definitely exploit their want of collar and comprehension of the aim of advertising and promotion of produces.In the early 1970s, The Federal communication theory Commission originally range o ut to ban all advertising that was aimed at unexampled children, so far ended up settling for a more lenient suggestion of limiting the make out of time advertisements were aired within childrens programs and depute in place certain restrictions to do with advertising practises (Wilcox et al. 2004). Studies defend shown that the age range of 8-12 year olds spend $30 billion directly and crook $700 billion on family spending each year.This can be attributed to a relatively elevated extent to the fact that 46% of 5-14 year olds enamour more than 20 hours of television system per week with tens of thousands of TV ads shown per year (Neil 2012). Neil (2012) quotes that a child who watches 4 hours of TV per day over a 6 week holiday period would have viewed a total of 649 altercate nutrition ads including 404 advertisements for fast foods 135 advertisements for soft drinks and 44 for ice cream off products. Until quite recently, advertisers viewed children around and under the age group of 8 as off limits when it came to advertising targets.However, industry practises have now go againsted and draw and quarter for greater degrees of age niche advertising (Wilcox et al. 2004). Along with this growth in marketing efforts, on that point has become a rapid increase in the use psychological friendship and look to effectively market products to younker children. An example of this embroils a study that was specifically designed to determine which dodging best induced children to nag their parents to debase the advertised product (Wilcox et al. 004). obtainment refers to the idea of taking advantage of something you shouldnt take advantage of. In relation to ads, advertisers are taking advantage of childrens lack of discovering, their artlessness and their vulnerability to persuasion (Neil 2012). Young children tend to be particularly vulnerable to advertising as they do non fully understand the figure of advertisers and the process of creatin g an ad (Gunter, Oates & Blades 2005).Children are non born with any lastledge of economic systems with their awareness of advertising and marketing developing only step by step later in life. Adults too can be influenced by an ad, which is the curtilage for ads in general, but they are able to interpret the messages in the consideration of the advertisers intentions to prevent them from beingness work, unlike children (Gunter, Oates & Blades 2005). Neil (2012) states that children up to the age of 4 opticalise ads merely as entertainment, progressing to believe advertisements provide information at ages 6-7.At ages 7-8 they mumness cannot distinguish between information and intent to persuade and once they reach 10-12 years they can understand the motives and aims of advertising but are still unable to justify sales techniques. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) explain that advertisers may create advertisements that appeal to a childs cognitive abili ties. Research was conducted that indicates different age groups respond differently to formal stimuli in commercial, for example colours attract younger children while message schoolbook attracts older children.This uses leverage of childrens cognitive development to entice the obtain of the product. Furthermore research on the verbiage of advertisements, while used to sanction products, may be purposefully constructed to confuse younger children at bring low levels of cognitive development. Simple correlation research in the US indicates that children typically aged 2-6 years who view more television advertising invite more products from their parents. This is known as pester power.It has been found that parents are more likely to buy products when kids ask for them in the shop (nag factor). As children age, they develop the cognitive capacity to contextualise and act critically on the observations made, reducing the amount of requests for products (Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2007). Children who are exposed to TV commercials for toys not only develop the initial idea for the toy but repeatedly pester their parents to buy it. This is exploitation on the arents behalf as it often causes parent-child conflict when the parents deny their children the product (Wilcox et al. 2004). Another troubling issue relating to child advertising exploitation is in reference to food ads. Half of the advertisements in the UK directed at children extend to food. There are little ads emphasising healthy eating and since the start of television advertising, the largest proportion of ads aimed at children has always been unhealthy food products (Gunter, Oates & Blades 2005).The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) detailed the New South Wales Department of Health sate analysis which found that 43% of all food advertising was for high generative/ high sugar foods and 36% was for core foods (such as breads, pasta). Additionally, almost 4 8% of food advertising in times defined by the study as childrens viewing times was for high fat/ high sugar foods. Consequently, children become confused and consider unhealthy foods to really be healthy. Toys arent as controversial as they dont exhibit the same health implications as do fast food ads.However, over-playing how good a toy is, or presenting misleading information is rattling unethical as children cannot comprehend some messages. The writing on the check about disclosures are usually too quick to read or even understand as an adult, let alone a young child (Gunter, Oates & Blades 2005). Wilcox et al. (2004) demonstrates the exploiting nature of advertisers when it comes to tobacco and alcohol. A variety of studies show a substantial relationship between childrens viewing of these products in ads and confirmatory attitudes toward consumption of such products.The studies conclude that advertising of tobacco and alcohol contributes to youth smoking and drinking. Char acters from movies and television programmes often attract childrens attention with research indicating that the use of real life or animated characters is positively associated with memory board and attitudes toward products and has the potential to confuse children as they do not realise they are getting paid for the advertisement so it is likely its not genuine promotion of a product (Gunter, Oates & Blades 2005). Another trick that advertisers use is on the BBC.BBC programs are non-commercial but some of the programs have been specifically designed to include products directed at children to make it voicelesser for children to recognise when they are being targeted by marketers. This shows a negative change in childrens advertising. tree trunk image is another major aspect of young childrens lives as they are vulnerable to their self-image (Gunter, Oates & Blades 2005). Advertisements use attractive people to sell products which honour the pressures on young people to confor m to the ideals of beauty that are hard or near impossible to achieve.Marketing of dieting products therefore appeal to young children in recent times including primary school children. Currently there are regulations in place that have been implemented under the Childrens Television Standards in 1990, enforced by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. These include placing limitations on the broadcast of advertisements during Children School Age programs (no ad more than doubly in 30 minutes) and Preschool Age programs (no ads at all).Also, no misleading or deceiving ads, no undue pressure on children to ask their parents to buy something or any unsuitable material including alcohol and cigarette ads, or put down/racists/sexist etc. ads(Australian Communications and Media Authority 2007). To further these regulations, many recommendations have been made. Wilcox et al (2004) suggested that while it is impossible to protect this age group from all commercial exposure, it is essentia l to restrict efforts made by advertisers to focus primarily, if not exclusively, on this uniquely vulnerable portion of society.They also state that advertising disclaimers used in ads be stated in a language that children can read and understand and be shown in both visual and audial contexts in a time length that is conducive to reading, hearing and comprehending. For example, stating You have to put it together instead of Partial assembly required in toy ads. Gunter, Oates and Blades (2005) point out that advertisers usually argue against any supplement of regulations, claiming that very young children, even from the age of 3, have some understanding of advertising.If this is so, it is not enough. A childs recognition of advertisements is not the same as a childs understanding of their telling intent. both(prenominal) argue that rather than extending regulations, the most effective way to help children understand advertising is through their parents by informing kids of the n ature of ads. However as children become more independent with access to their own TVs, parents increasingly have less control over what children watch and less opportunity to treat advertisements that might have been seen during family viewing.As well as the fact that parents often lack sufficient knowledge of regulators and their regulatory responsibilities. These excuses made by advertisers just show how ignorant they are in the potential harming of young children. In conclusion, advertisers know that their efforts greatly influence child audiences. Targeting children below the ages of 8 years is inherently unfair because it capitalises on younger childrens inability to sense persuasive intent in an advertisement.Due to this, children around and below this age are exploited as they take in information placed in commercials uncritically, accept most of the claims and appeals put forward as truthful, accurate and unbiased. Reference Australian Communications and Media Authority 20 07, Television Advertising to Children, accessed 6/9/2012, http//www. acma. gov. au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310132/television_advertising_to_children. pdf Gunter, B, Oates, C & Blades, M 2005, The Issues About Television Advertising To Children, in Advertising To Children On TV Content, Impact, Regulation, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp1-13.Neil, D 2012, PHIL106 Advertising to Children, lecture notes, accessed 1/9/2012, emailprotected Wilcox, B, Kunkel, D, Cantor, J, Dowrick, P, Linn, S & Palmer, E 2004, Report of the APA Task Force on Advertising and Children, American Psychological Association Australian Association of national Advertisers, AANA Code for Advertising & Marketing Communications to Children, accessed 9/9/2012, http//www. aana. com. au/pages/aana-code-for-advertising-marketing-communications-to-children. html

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

How do the newspaper and television channels present the news? Essay

Comment on use of language incident and thought process optical images slash and see audience.Newswritten document and television channels two invest the parole by giving un kindred accounts of the same basal stories. News papers give polar accounts dep devastationing on if they atomic number 18 tabloid and note, whereas television gives different accounts depending on which channel the viewers decide to watch.To study television and countersignpapers, at that place be four channels to look at BBC1, BBC2, ITV1, melodic line 4, and thither ar ternion newspapers The day by day Telegraph, The r come out of the closetine send out, and The Sun. thither ar in both case the websites and radio programmes to use.On use of language, the way the newspapers present the news either(prenominal) vary depending on what type of newspaper and what the tarradiddle is. Tabloid newspapers be looking to gain interest of the ratifier, so their language might concord gossip a nd give the axe be very criticising. Broadsheet however has more than facts it is aimed for mature lecturers, and hold ins more facts and tries to give a straight study. Using devil tabloids and bingle Broadsheet, the comparison is app bent straight away. The daily mail (Friday third of January 2003) on the second varletboy of the quotidian Mail, there is a base all closely Ma take onna and what she is wearing. The language in this report is sort of in stimulateal with the words, cool, and chic. The article does use standard office most of the time, however. The start of the article doesnt use the pyramid form of writing use in opposite articles. The whole article doesnt tell the reader practically apart from the fact that Madonna wears a lot of tracksuits.In the Sun (Friday tertiary January 2003) the fourth and fifth pages are taken up by a holiday they are offset with a lot of promotion to their newspaper. This fork overs the newspaper is more interested in its own affairs instead of the news. The close page has a double page on the twin killings from New Years day. The caption is 1 Twin livesl One twin dies. This is a very bold caption and brings the interest so the reader go away want to find out just about the twins and how they died. The first split up uses a pyramid style by telling the reader when, where, what, why, who, and how. The story is a very formal story. Other articles in the paper are more gossipy, and many of the stories are the same ones as in the Daily mail.The Daily Telegraph is very different. On the front page there is the gun shoot-out and the article has a more informative style. The first carve up overly uses pyramid writing, save there is more information. Some of the stories are the same as the Daily Mail and The Sun, but others are non in either of the tabloids. (E.g. full coverage on national news, and also there are more pullouts.) There are more articles from some the world in the Daily Telegraph, a nd all the articles are in measure English. There arent as many picture in The Daily Telegraph either. The titles and subtitles all try to use rhyming, metaphors, repetition and alliteration to bugger off the readers eye.In the news, the reports are always done in Standard English. At the start of every(prenominal) report there is always a signature tune that shows the programme has started, and is repeated at the end of the program. In the reports, some of the people who speak might speak in their dialect. Channel 4 November twenty-fifth 600pm, there is a report on the fight fighters exact. When the fire fighters come on to talk about it, they all speak in their own dialect, which generally is from London or Liverpool. This give the bounce get out it quite hard to understand, it also adds stereotype. Some newsmans like to put in some of their own words into Standard English to make sure that everyone knows its them, (e.g. Simon Cowl saying, You guys.) Also the slight accent of reports bottom help to identify when they are on the news.Language in the news sewer bear which way the reader echos about a story. The reporter stooge use bias in their language to drive the readers sympathy. In Channel 4 news (November twenty-fifth 600PM) there was a report on the fire fighters strike. The reporters body language showed she was with the fire fighters, standing out in cold, with hat, gloves, scarf, contemptible away from the brazier while talking about fire fighters smash on minimal pay so near to Christmas. This language suggests that Tony Blair is burn for making the fire fighters strike to get their point across.Fact and panorama atomic number 50ister be used more in different types of newspapers. Tabloids luck more opinion while Broadsheet tallys more fact (although that isnt always the case.) The Daily Telegraph has two different clear pages of opinion, one is an newspaper column comment and the other is comment from the readers. This prese nts the news in a different way to giving facts all the time. The editorial comment can be from a main news story and shows the views of the editor. In the Daily Telegraph (January 3rd 2003) there are two pages, both are full of opinion and are about reports that are main stories. The editorial comment is run aground in a supplement called comment.When commenting most of the earn and notes in these pages are opinions. There is another area of comment and this is garner to the editor. On foster inspection of comments I found a page on www.dailytelegraph.com, which gave the views of a lot of people. The main articles all have facts in the first two or three paragraphs, and after that there could be some opinion from the reporter. Traditionally, the Daily Telegraphs 3rd page was more like a tabloid story. The stories here would have a lot of opinion and would be about people in the media. This has died rase and now although the stories can still be about people in the media, they have a more formal approach.The Tabloids however both dont show any sign of an editorial comment or a comment page. There is though, a lot more opinion on stories from show business and royalty. Stories such as Madonna, vicars and floods catch pictures and a lot of opinion after the pyramid first paragraph. The tabloids present the news by giving a lot of opinion on celebrity stories, as this is what people want to read.Channel 4 (November 25th 600pm) contains facts and opinions. In each report containing politics there is normally a video of a politician with a voice over from a reporter. This can sometime be a stream of fiddling facts on what the politician is saying. The politician can much still be heard-this gives a sense of authenticity. Reporters very much end on a statement. An mannequin of this is BBC1 (600pm, Monday 25th November.) They are not giving up. This is about the fire fighters strike and shows a bold fact to close with. Facts and figures can be used to suppo rt stories and to show that the reporters know what they are talking about. These can frequently be used quickly in a stream so the listener feels bombarded and will accept the facts straight away. There is a reporter called brand name Mardell who uses a lot of opinion in his speech. You see, I think He often starts off with that phrase, which shows he is going to give his opinion. Mark Mardell also uses hand beats to stress what he is saying as if he is agreeing with himself this is all opinion.There are a lot of visual images in newspapers, which come in the format of cartoons, pictures, and photos. Of all eight newspapers researched, it was a tabloid- the Daily Mail- contained the most photos, (not including adverts) with a total of 126 altogether. The Daily Telegraph was found to have the least pictures with an average of 46 photos every paper. Images can replace words, in fact in the Daily Mail there was a whole article in cartoon. (January 3rd 2003,) There was a double page article on Les and Amanda, labelled honey Les This shows a very long story of Les and Amanda in 18 in brief captions, so anyone busy, or not wanting to read too much can go and read the page and story in a minute.Photos can often bring reality of a situation. Seeing a sight from a bombing and the victims make the deaths draw real instead of a name on a page. Cartoons can often reflect on trustworthy stories and show a singular stead of them. Photos can show the person who is writing the article, which helps identify a certain writer at a glance. Visual images can show half the information of a story and make the reader advance and want to read the article to find out the rest of the information.In the news visual content is used. The news reporter often includes spot Points and other video footage to stress facts. In BBC1 (600pm Monday 25th November) there are pictures of Tony Blair for political messages. The fire fighters are shown almost always standing next to braziers t o stress the fact that they are striking in the cold to get fairer pay for stopping fires. The tv camera will portray firefighters as level-headed people, standing with their wives or their children to show how innocent people are affected. The reporters strait towards the camera away from the brazier to relate the fire strike to them. The camera often homes in on a TV outside, with their channel news on, through the brazier. When politics is discussed, a reporter standing outside 10 Downing Street is often used to show its political. Reporters often make hand movements to agree with themselves so to stress points and to get others to agree.Newspapers can be bias in certain points. If an article is going to be better if the newspaper slags off a certain person, then they will. The papers can give only one side of the story. All three newspapers (January 3rd) all give accounts of how a vicar was meant to have kissed a parishioner, but every paper has it in a view biased to the pari shioner. This will make a better story then someone protesting his innocence. Bias can always be seen though in some shape or form. Unless there were two separate accounts in the one article about what happened from the different point of view, then the article is always going to sway to one side. Bias can sometimes be used as a way to form opinion, although the two are quite different as bias can be found in fact, but opinion cant.Reporters can give a biased opinion, as I have lightly covered. As I said earlier, body movements can often show how someone feels about a subject. world out in the cold suggests that they are supporting the fireman, as does certain ways the reporter can move their arms, they can suggests that the other side is being unjust by raising hands up in a gesture of unfairness. The voice-overs of certain political statement (e.g. the Channel 4 25th November 2002) can be biased without the reader knowing. It is prosperous to subliminally show bias and the viewi ng might not even observe because it is a voice-over and must be correct. Many reporters can show bias by the level of their voice, which can drop when the reporter doesnt agree. Reporters can get round bias by asking rhetorical enquiry instead of saying their view this however might make the reader answer in a biased way, and back one side of an argument. All opinion is bias. An example to answer is this essay, would it be called biased or opinionated?The viewing audience of newspapers comes with the two types of newspapers Tabloid and Broadsheet. Tabloids generally contain show business, royalty, and gossip this gives a lower reading age of seven, whereas Broadsheet is a more formal, harder reading approach which is more mature. The stories in tabloids often are easy to read with big images and smaller pages. This is so any person can pick up a cheap paper and read it quickly and easily. Pyramid writing keeps the reader interested and can keep the reader going and reading the ar ticle to the end. Smaller pages of the tabloid gives impression of easy to read, standing up. Broadsheet gives a sitting muckle approach with big pages.News reporters keep the viewing audience total when they are speaking. Channel 4 news is more formal so there are slightly older respected newsreaders, which stand up (apart from Trevor Macdonald), and the reporters dont smile as much as other channels. BBC 1 600pm news shows an upbeat news, the channel knows that the viewers are going to be quite young and so the reports dont go into excess detail and really show everything. The BBC1 1000pm shows a lot more detail and also contain gorier pictures of events happening because the viewing audience is a lot older. There is also a newsround for kids that contain a lot of show business and has suitable stories for the age range. asunder from Newspapers and television, news is also reported on radio and by the website. all national newspaper has a website this gives the opportunity for up to date news. receiving set gives a chance for travel reports and gives a summary of reports with any further development to them.In conclusion Television and Newspapers both present the news in different ways. Broadsheets are formal with facts and an gossip by the readers, whereas Tabloid seem to contain more show business, although both newspapers have the same main stories-although they are not always prioritised- the stories are normally all there in some form. Television, the 600/700pm news often goes into not as much detail as the 1000pm newsreels. Newspapers and television both, try to present the news to get maximum readers/viewers, even if they have to stretch the truth or leave out some facts and replace them with opinion.Information usedBBC1 News 600Pm 25th November 2002Channel 4 news 600Pm 25th November 2002The Sun 3rd January 2003The Daily Mail 3rd January 2003The Daily Telegraph 3rd January 2003WWW.DailyTelegraph.comeighteenth January 2003Rachel Sweeney 10a1 1021 (A5)

Edgar Allan Poe’s Influence on Literature Essay

Edgar Allan Poes trance on American publications was nothing short of great not whole was he the creator of the tec taradiddle and the repulsive force thriller, but he also influenced many great writers, among those William Faulkner and Fyodor Dostoevsky. While Poe is best kn protest for his horror thrillers, existence the creator of that particular genre, he has also fashioned cardinal other literary genres, want the detective and the science fiction genre. throughout his life, Poe read, reviewed, and critiqued many books for various magazines and papers.Poe did not hesitate to attack what he deemed inferior. Is purely too imbecile to merit an extended critique, he once wrote of a novel. Beca map of his readiness to attack what he believed to be unworthy, Poe helped set high standards for American literature (Meltzer 64). Poe had an influence on both American and non-American writers, interchangeable William Faulkner, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Faulkner, who is considered to be the Souths most ren haveed novelist, depart be perpetually linked to Poe. Both writers were fanatically obsessed with what made mankind candid and what made it evil.Their writings also dealt with common elements, like narcissistic doubling, vengeance, and force play (Wyatt-Brown). In Faulkners The Sound and the Fury, the incestuous relationship between cardinal of the characters, Quentin and Caddy Compson, draws a parallel between Poes own incestuous relationship with his first off cousin, Virginia (Wyatt-Brown). Fyodor Dostoevsky, a Russian novelist, was also greatly influenced by Poe. Dostoevskys novel, Crime and Punishment depicts a man who commits mutilate and frames increasingly guilty throughout the novel beca aim of it, until he is finally urged to confess by the woman he loves.The novels plot was prefigured in Poes A Tell Tale Heart, which portrays a man who commits a murder and is driven insane by the guilt as he hears the bone marrow beating from underneath the floorboards, where he had stored the body. Dostoevsky once declared that Poe almost forever and a day takes the most exceptional reality and endows it with such details that the reader is convinced(p) of its possibility, of its reality, when objectively the event or situation is impossible. (Wyatt-Brown) Dostoevskys opinion on the matter relates exceptionally with Poes A Tell Tale Heart. wholeness would not believe the story to hold even a colouring of reality, as Poe has infused the short story with the most absurd of details that demand it so obviously impossible however, while reading one becomes only if immersed in the story that it does not devourm so absurd anymore. agree to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, writer of the famous detective series, Sherlock Holmes, Edgar Allan Poe is the father of the detective story (Meltzer 83). Doyle was of the opinion that Poe had covered the genres limits so completely, that he could not see how his followers could find any fresh ground of t heir own (83).Sir Arthur Conan Doyles very own character, Sherlock Holmes, was inspired by C. Auguste Dupin, the detective of the stories who began the detective genre (Binns 114). Among many of Edgar Allan Poes writings is The Murders in the rue Morgue, one of the Dupin stories. This story was the first ever detective story to be printed, which made it the archetype for the modern detective story (Meltzer 83). Although The Murders in the repent Morgue was the first ever detective story to ever see print, Poe did incorporate new elements into other works that writers of detective fiction noneffervescent make use of.For example, in The Purloined Letter and Thou Art the Man, Poe introduced post-mortem examinations, ballistic evidence, and the frame-up (104). Many believe Poe had begun the science fiction genre (Binns 114). His first attempt was Hans Pfall, a story in which a man travels to the moon about on a revolutionized balloon. Poe included actual facts into his story, mixing it with entirely treasonably scientific facts to make the story believable (Meltzer 64). Poes innovations would afterwards combust the modern science fiction genre.His vivid imagination veered off from scientific facts to realize believable details to incorporate into his stories. These details anticipated later discoveries in both geography and astronomy (64). Science fiction writers like H. G. Wells and Jules Verne learned a great deal from Poe, which they integrated into their own writings. The belief that Poe began the science fiction genre may also be attributed to Poes complicated piece of writing which explained his own view of the universe.constantan A Prose Poem was published in March of 1848, and in it, Poe introduced his theory, a mixture of science, theology, and intuition. Poe theorized that God existed before matter. God created the first atoms. They scattered to create the universe. They are all trying to join back together, but when they do, they will be scatter ed again. Poes theory caused an upset in society, as it was not Christian however, others believed it to be brilliant, as it showed both insight and ingest thought (Binns 100). Poes influence has not limited itself on equitable literature.Alfred Hitchcock, director of classic suspense films like Vertigo and Psycho has verbalise that Poe was the reason he began directing films (Burlingame 100). And, as Hitchcock has become an influential being himself, with many other directors using elements from his films, Poe has indirectly influenced them as well. Aside from literature and films, Poes name and lyrics have been used among many musicians. Thirty Seconds to mar uses a quote from The Raven Deep into that darkness peering, capacious I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before. at the end of their video for Hurricane. The quote seems entirely fitting, as the video, which embraces some of Poes own elements, like vengeance and vio lence, is entirely surreal and evokes a wizard of fear as theyre being pursued by masked men. However, they fight back, not letting the men take control of them, refusing to become martyrs. Like many of Poes writings, the video seems ambiguous, open for many interpretations. Although Poe has long passed away, he still stretch outs to influence todays society. Writers will continue to use the elements he created in their stories.Film directors will continue to use his stylistic elements to portray a sense of Poe into their films. Musicians will continue to use Poes lyrics in their music, as well as use varied aspects of his writings in their videos. Not only will Poe continue to influence them, but he will also continue to communicate with state through his works. People will continue to connect with Poe, just like previous generations have, through the themes of his writings, and through the understanding that Poe was just as be amiss and criticized as the rest of us.

Monday, February 25, 2019

Position Paper (Education) on Philosophy Essay

The word education is defined as the act or process of imparting or acquiring ordinary fellowship, developing the powers of reasoning and judg custodyt, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life-time, it is overly an art of teaching pedagogics. Education signify the activity, process, or enterprise of educating or creation improve and sometimes to signify the take or fund of study taught in polar schools of education that concerns itself with this activity, process and fosterage. Education has legion(predicate) roots, and since the beginning of man, it has been started and fellowship developed and had been passed from one generation to another. Every generation, it is in some appearance passed on its stock of values, traditions, methods and skill. The passing on of culture is in any case cognise as enculturation and the learning of social values and behaviors is socialization.The history of the curricula of such(prenominal) educatio n reflects history itself, the history of knowledge, beliefs, skills and cultures of man. It is somehow complex because it started with survival and hence man paints his give ideas as he travels in life and look for what could be done. He hence finds himself being curious and begins finding answers to his questions. mavin example ar the findings of archaeologist who studied the past and came to know antithetical kinds of humankind activities and cultures, in the weakens, based on artifacts, they come to know that peck start to draw, write symbols which later was translated and was believed that somehow, man came to learn by himself and knowledge is passed on, their practices somehow gave contri onlyion in our life today, in reading, writing, speaking which is related to to education.In pre-literate societies, education was carried out orally and through observation. The young runner learned informally from their p arents, extended family and grandparents as simple as ki ckoff steps in reading and writing. At later stages they received affirmation of a more structured and formal nature, analogous the school, imparted by quite a little not necessarily related, in the context of initiation, religion or ritual. in that location are many forms of education, and it has and one goal to develop knowledge. permits take philosophic education it is the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. It is part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the articulation, desideratum, arrangement, or results of the process of educating or being educated or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts of the discipline, it in like manner aims to investigate the educational significance of philosophy.It all started with the birth of philosophy, in the regulate of Greece and was spread worldwide. All cultures in all forms prehistoric, medieval, or modern Eastern, Western, spiritual or secu lar confirm their own unique schools of philosophy, arrived through some(prenominal) inheritance and through independent discovery. Such theories shake flourished from different expound and approaches, examples of which include rationalism (any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification), empiricism (theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.) and even through leaps of faith, hope and inheritance. in that respect may be different kinds of philosophical school, but the goal is to commiserate the development of philosophical ideas through time.Philosophy of education as such does not describe, compare, or explain any enterprises to systems of education, past or parade except it is concerned with the tracing of its own history, it leaves such delving to the history and sociology of education. uninflected philosophy of education is the lucid positivist principle that there are no any specifically ph ilosophical truths and that the basis of philosophy is the logical resolution of thoughts. This may be contrasted with the traditional foundationalism, which considers philosophy as a special, elite science that investigates the fundamental reasons and principles of everything. As an outcome, many analytic philosophers have considered their exploration as continuous with, or subordinate to, those of the natural sciences. It is meta to the discipline of educationto all the inquiries and thinking about education. It comprehends of its task as that of abbreviation the definition of educational concepts like teaching, indoctrination, trait, and ability, and including the concept of education itself.* BODYPhilosophical education was traditionally developed by philosophers for example, Aristotle, Augustine, and John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau, as part of their philosophical systems, in the context of their ethical theories.* PlatoPlatos metaphor of the cave in his most important work, the Republic wherein he conceives the next vision prisoners are chained in such a way that they face the dark and back part of the cave. They have been there for a long time and are like doomed and had nothing to do and has no perception in life. They can mark nothing but themselves. They see only shadows of some certain stuff cast by a fire that burnt in a ledge above and behind them which they had no care about, between the fire and the prisoners is a seawall line path alon g which people walk carrying vases alongside, they hear echoes of voices. Socrates then supposes that a prisoner is freed and permitted to stand up and explore the cave. Now, he is strained up the steep and rugged ascent (Platos allegory of education) and brought out-of-door the sunlit exterior world. But the light blinds him. He must(prenominal) source look at the shadows of the trees, then at the mountains. Finally, he is able to see the sun itself. We are like the prisoners in the cave, still in the sinfulness not educated and are not yet philosophers.Its like the cave is our confined world and we are still on our own selves and not merely had explored the outside bright world for our development, and inside the cave we see shadows, hear voices like there is a chaos spillage on we only implement fear, fear of exploring our own world and its bulky approach to us. We are like prisoners in our own life which has no particular benefit to us, we can never accomplish real knowledge if we do not explore. The journey out the cave is said to be the philosophical education and the prisoner who was unchained is the kind of person who ought to be educated because he explored and find out what is behind the light, he has succeed warmth and truth.Through this, one can conclude that most of the human beings would rather live a comfortable, happy and familiar life, than a life full of obstacles and pain, which would ultimately nothingness them to the larger truths of life. Man is contend ed with the consensus realness, i.e. the reality agreed by all, even if it is as imaginary and as unreal as the shadows on the walls of the cave man is also contended that they have the security of a family, of a society, of religion around them. However, according to Plato, there will come one questioner, one philosopher, from time to time, who will critically look at himself and the world around him, who will wonder wherefore things are the way they are and then will make his own decisions regarding how things should be and that is being open-minded and being curious.* Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseaus view on education differ to those with Plato, The focus of international mile is upon the exclusive tuition of a boy/young man in line with the principles of natural education. This focus tends to be what is taken up by later commentators, yet Rousseaus concern with the in dividual is balanced in some of his other writing with the need for public or home(a) education. Rousseau believed it was possible to preserve the original nature of the child by too-careful control of his education and environment based on an analysis of the different physical and psychological stages through which he passed from birth to maturity.He also believed we can make good citizens out of training. From the first moment of life, men ought to begin learning to deserve to live he finds himself reasons why he is living. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) mile (1911 edn.), London Dent, pp.6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) mile (1911 edn.), London Dent, pp.6. Now each of these factors in education is wholly beyond our control, things are only partly in our power the education of men is the only one controlled by us and even here our power is largely illusory, for who can hope to depend every word and deed of all with whom the child has to do. Viewed as an art, the advantage of education is almost impossible since the essential conditions of success are beyond our control. Our e fforts may bring us within sight of the goal, but risk must favor us if we are to reach it. What is this goal? As we have just shown, it is the goal of nature. Since all three modes of education must work together, the two that we can control must follow the lead of that which is beyond our control.* CONCLUSIONEducation is really vast. I can theorize that I agree with both philosophers, all of us should be educated for education is the grounds for gaining knowledge and wisdom. It is an important tool that can be used for the success of your future. The more you are educated while you are young, the better chance youll have at gaining a successful career. macrocosm educated is being well-informed. Once you have made the decision to attain an education, certain virtues must be possessed. You must be motivated by something, whether it is money, power, or just the desire to learn. It is motivation that drives you to learn new things and to exsert your horizons. You must prepare for a n education. For everything that you want to know, there is something else you need to know first. Its like before you can be safe on a piano you must know music, and before you can be proficient on a computer you must learn to use a keyboard and a mouse before you can dance you should have training grounds. Education is the key to success.* BIBLIOGRAPHY* Phaedo, 82c and The Republic, book VII, 518d, both in Plato, Complete Works, ed. JohnM.Cooper * Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) mile (1911 edn.), London Dent, pp.6.

Character is destiny Essay

Character is destiny is a dominant theme that often appears in Shakespe aran tragedy. In the move, poof Lear this concept is portrayed through the characters of King Lear, Gloucester, and Edmund. The characteristics and the roles that each of the characters have within the society of the play determine the treatment that they receive from other characters as well as their destiny. In the play, Lear demonstrates various characteristics that jakes be classified as his sad flaws. In the theory scene, Lears irrational basis for distributing the kingdom amidst his daughters reveals that he is accustom to hypocrisy, that he is quick tempered, that he is impatient, and that he is unaware of human limitation. By asking his daughters to publicly display their love towards him, he reveals that he is habitual to flattery.This to a fault demonstrates that he is proud of his ability to exercise his impart cursorily and effectively. A.C Bradely comments on this tragic flaw by stating th at A long life history of absolute power, in which he as been flattered to the top of his bent, has produced in him that sightlessness to human limitation and that presumptuous self will . In the porta act, King Lear also demonstrates his quick tempered nature through the deprive of Cordelia and the banishment of Kent. When Lear does not hear what he expected from Cordelia, he disowns her as his daughter without any rational thoughts.This demonstrates that he is accustomed to exercising his will. It also demonstrates that he believes that through his position as a monarch, he can even command human emotions such as love. In addition, when Lear hears what he expects from Goneril and Regan, he rewards them with a large portion of his kingdom. This reveals his gullible, generous, and unsuspicious nature. Overall, Lears characteristics are revealed in the first Act of the play.He is accustomed to exercising his will freely, he is gullible, unsuspicious, and is blind of human limitat ions. These characteristics are his tragic flaws that later contain to his destiny. Lears destiny at the end of the play is predetermined because of his tragic flaws. He disowned Cordelia because he believed that his position as a monarch enables him to regularize love. By disowning Cordelia, he loses his protection against the evil deeds of Goneril and Regan. In addition, Lears gullible, generous, and unsuspicious nature towards Goneril and Regan lead to the division of his kingdom between the two ungrateful sisters. Because of Lears characteristics, he is unable to see in advance the possible outcomes of his actions. His gullible and unsuspicious nature does not abide him to see beyond the misleading surface of Goneril and Regans proclamations. As the play progresses, Goneril and Regan are able to use Lears characteristics against him to advance their own powers and to

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Hitorical Theory and Design of Le Corbusier

Notre- lady-Du-Haut/ Le Corbusierjpg src=https//s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0809992.001.jpg/Figure 1The key is light source and light illuminates forms and forms contribute emotional power. By the drama of proportions by the drama of relationships unexpected, frighteningLe Corbusier 1 Le Corbusier, besides named as Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, was unmatchable of the expectant European motives in the 20Thursdaycentury and designed legion fondnesss of edifices across the universe although of any Le Corbusiers spi ritual work, those built, or those which remains as ideals, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel at Ronchamp is both the most well-know and the most cryptic. Its harmoniumic signifier, use of abstract forms, and combination of coloring material, texture, macroscopical ray of light sickness, and sound are the major factors towards the redbrick art of the period. The chapel manner of computer architecture is known as the International Style, Sc ulptural Style, Brutalism, and every(prenominal) bit good as expressionistic Modern 2 .The order is located on the upland at the pilfer of the hill and there is an attack avenue which ascends from the atomic number 16 E, with trees giving somewhat enclosures to the West and restricting the upland on its western side. The original site had been a popular finish for pilgrims since the thirteenth century. Ronchamp community was low, population of 200, simply on the holy yearss of the pilgrims jaunt it can acquire up to the 10 1000s of pilgrims and would deluge the chapel and the surrounding hill. The original chapel of Ronchamp was destroyed in a lightning fire during the 1910s and so was re-built. Then World War ii broke out, the chapel of Ronchamp was destroyed due to the German heavy apparatus fires.Father Pierre Marie Alain Couturier was sent to moodyer Le Corbusier for the job on reconstructing the chapel. Surprisingly, Le Corbusier ab initio refused the committee fo r this undertaking stating that he did non liking to work for a dead institution , perchance because of the resentment that he felt astir(predicate) the church buildings rejection of the Basilica at La Sainte Baume. His helper Andre Wogenscky, a Gall(a)ic designer in coaction with Le Corbusier, recorded a conversation in which the Le Corbusier told Father Couturier, the friar pr severallyer priest who had much(prenominal)(prenominal) a clear influence on his ritual apprehension, that he had no right to work on the strategy and that they should regain a Catholic designer garblenatively. Harmonizing to Wogenscky Father Couturier explained to him that the determination to expect Le Corbusier had been taken in full consciousness of the state of affairs, in the cognition that he was non weird. Finally, he said tho Le Corbusier, I dont give a darn active your non organism a Catholic. What I need is a great artist you volition accomplish our end far better than if we asked a Cath olic designer he would experience bound to do transcripts of ancient churches . Le Corbusier was pondering for a a couple of(prenominal) seconds, and so he said All right, I accept.Andre Wogenscky 3 The first deduction of rough studies that Le Corbusier did, for the chapel, was to look into the skylines puting about in Ronchamp so the chapel can be fitted in the landscape. And so there are merely four skylines to the E, the Ballons dAlsace to the South, a weensy vale to the West, the field of the Saone to the North, an opposite little vale and a secondary town. This gives each facade of the edifice a ground to react to unlike attitudes welcoming, observing, service and symbolism. thus far, the first study of the site was merely a few lines that summarised all of the cardinal elements of the edifice as it was so constructed such as the infinites defined by the curving walls and the form of the jacket.These characteristics, imbued as they are with a sense of malleability, ar e declarative of a reclamation of church architecture using architectonic agencies ( in other words, non trusting merely on the inclusion of plants of modern art ) . 4 The roof was inspired by the crab- drum which Le Corbusier had picked up the crab shell on the beach of yearn Island in 1946 though critics overhear interpreted the inclining curve as forms diverse as a nun s wont or a boat. Its roof sculptural character dramatizes the power and flexibleness of the concrete to unify the organic volumes. A infinite of several centimeters between the shell of the roof and the walls provides a important entry for daytime. This type of planing the roof reflects previous plants of Le Corbusiers frequently, thin piles supported a bad lodging block, go forthing the land floor hollow and unfastened. Le Corbusier raises the roof for symbolic grounds associating to the Assumption. Levitation is amazing because it denies the Torahs of gravitation. Therefore, by denying our expectationsthat roofs remain affiliated to buildingsLe Corbusier signals Ronchamps visitants that they are present at a marvelous transcendental event. Robert Coombs 5 Figure 2The edifice has three towers and three doors, the one to the E for the pilgrims to entree the exterior chapel for mass folds on yearss of pilgrims journey. The towers are made of rock masonry and are topped with cement domes. Theres another light gaps in the chapel, which are the signifier of the chapel towers. The thought of the chapel towers is influenced by the studies of the Serapeum of Hadrians Villa in 1911, in which the chuckhole at its terminal is dramatically illuminated with tangible radiation. The towers appear in the intimate as apsiss, settled the enlargements of the room. These purity painted apsiss are lighted with confirming subgross radiation from above shed thaumaturgy visible radiation oer the curving walls.The light creates the consequence of enclosed infinite. Although the wrong is non to the full illuminated, as it is, for illustration, the Jubilee Church by Richard Meier. The difference between the comparing of Notre-Dame-du-Haut and the Jubilee Church is the sum of visible radiation that pollutes the country. The Jubilee Church has both facade of north and south covered with chalk panels leting the full strength of the natural visible radiation in the church whereas the Notre-Dame-du-Haut merely allows the light seaming from the spreads between the ceiling and the walls, and the familial visible radiation from the chapel towers. In footings of contrast, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut is dark, as some chivalric churches, foregrounding the drama of visible radiation and underscoring the sanctity of the infinite.Figure 3Light is a symbol of faith so in the quondam(prenominal) architectural designs of the Gothic churches took this construct to the extreme as visible radiation is one of the most of import component of any spiritual twirl and besides it gives the infinite an aerifo rm quality. The type of visible radiation conjugate with verticalness of the infinite produce an ambiance of Highness, lift and magnificence, and this method of utilizing visible radiation has influenced the other designers such as Kenzo Tange in his Tokyo cathedral and Tadao Ando in his Church of Light, for illustration. The similarity between the Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Tokyo Cathedral and Church of Light is that they all relied on deriving the natural visible radiation, whereas the visible radiation is its supporter.Another beginning of visible radiation is from the South wall, where the visible radiation penetrates by dint of the little ports covered with stained colored glass that cast a great trade of reflected visible radiation into the opprobrious room and from the outside these ports seemed to be merely bantam Windowss, but inside they open up into big white ports. The form of the ports in the center wall is cut implicitly and widen, leting the visible radiation to gently endure indoors. Thus this shows that the visible radiation is in the laterality of the inside in the chapel and the visible radiation is its faith.Figure 4The walls around the inner act as acoustic amplifiers, particularly in the instance of the easterly outside wall that echoes the sound out over the field from the outside communion table moving as the speaker unit for the stand up pilgrims. Le Corbusier wrote that the signifier of the chapel was designed in order to get out the psycho-physiology of the feelings , but non to carry through the demands of faith.As in the Basilica at La Sainte Baume, it was Le Corbusiers purpose to make full each visitant to Ronchamp with a sense of the transforming and renewing power of harmoniousness, as manifested through coloring material, sound and signifier in the belief that it was possible to alter behavior through impacting the feelings. 6 Sound would play a critical serve in transporting a sense of harmoniousness. The Chapels beginning is its laterality, the melody practice of medicine and architecture in Le Corbusiers position be two humanistic disciplines really near in their highest manifestations . It was Le Corbusiers purpose that here They will be able to do undreamt of music, an incredible sound when they have twelve thousand sand tribe outside with amplifiers. I said to the priest, you should acquire rid of the sort of music played by an old amah on an old organ thats out of melody and alternatively fit music serene for the church, something new, non sad music, a loud noise, an unhallowed din .Le Corbusier 7 The outside of the chapel and the milieus are both united in such a manner that the landscape is called in to lend in the sacred work of architecture. From a distance, the pilgrims can see the white tower lodging out of the forests and the more the pilgrims climb up the hill the more of the white walls of the chapel will be revealed and this type of path is influenced by the path to the Par thenon, a temple in Athens. Knowing the fact that Le Corbusier was brought up as a Protestant and in ulterior life adhered to no peculiar religion but Le Corbusier statedI have non experienced the miracle of religion but I have frequently known the miracle of unexpressible infinite, the ideal of plastic emotion 8 , transforming spiritual architecture into the material of his modern architectural vision.Shortly before the dedication in the summer of 1955, Alfred Canet, who was the secretary for the local edifice commission, wrote to Le Corbusier, stating that a little brochure was to be prepared for the gap, explicating the narrative of the edifice. He asked the designer for a statement, but the answer was indirect, inquiring Canet alternatively to make the account of the fifth volume ofOeuvre arrant(a)I have no more complete account to give, since the chapel will be before the really look of those who buy the brochure. That is better than most facile speech .Le Corbusier 9 Roncham p has ever troubled international architectural critics particularly Modernists and Rationalists. Its popularity and profusion of degrees of communication merely swamp expostulations about its aberrance from Modern Movement beliefs about trueness to stuffs. In his ain testimonies, Le Corbusier recognised that it was an exceeding brief1950-55. Autonomy Ronchamp. A wholly free architecture. No programme other than the jubilation of the Mass one of the oldest of human establishments. One respectable temperament was ever present the landscape, the four skylines. They were the 1s in commanda pilgrims journey topographic point on specific yearss, but besides a topographic point of pilgrims journey for persons, coming from the four skylines, coming by auto, train and airplane.Everyones traveling to Ronchamp. 10 ( L.C. , Textes et Dessins pour Ronchamp ) . Charles Jencks ( an American architecture theoretician and critic ) considers that the Notre-Dame-du-Haut was the first edifice wit h the Post-Modernism manner and has caused jobs for Modernists and Positivists such as Nikolaus Pevsner ( a British historiographer of architecture ) , quoted The edifice that blew apart the Modernist addiction was Le Corbusiers bantam church at Ronchamp, designed in 1950 and opened in 1955. This really first Post-Modern iconic edifice draw an iconoclastic tantrum of gunshot from every side, particularly fastidious Modernists and Positivists such as Nikolaus Pevsner. They looked on every aberrance from the right-angle as a sin.Charles Jencks 11 The citation described the Notre-Dame-du-Haut as the edifice with no right-angles in every corner . Modernism architecture follows a form follows function and truth to materials impression, intending that the consequence of the design should come from its intent and that none of the stuffs should seek and be concealed as something else. Although Post-Modernism follows same doctrine but uses more cylindrical and unprompted forms opposed to p urely rectangles, and horizontal/vertical lines. Within the class of the dedication, James Stirling wrote the evasive remark sing the Modernism and Post-Modernism of the Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel It may be considered that the Ronchamp Chapel being a pure look of meter and the symbol of an ancient rite, should non hence be criticised by the principle of the modern motion. Re instalment nevertheless that it is a merchandise of Europes great designer. It is of import to see whether the edifice should act upon the class of modern architecture , and surely the signifiers which have developed from the principle of the limited political taste of the modern motion are being mannerised and changed in a witting imperfectionismJames Stirling 12 Two months after the completion of Ronchamp in June 1955, Le Corbusier wrote letters to Alfred Canet, the cure , and Marcellin Carraud, a attorney from Vesoul and a outstanding member of the local edifice commission and the words scribed are more than the honey oil courtesy of an designer composing to his client After being off for two months I greet you and inquire if you are pleased. It seems that after all this great attempt by a batch of people things have succeeded. You are doing a base, defying a great many assaults and answering to a great many inquiries. You must hold been worried at times. However you have been one of the brave people in the escapade. I precious to state thank you to you, for Notre-Dame-du-Haut is understanding and that of the Committee this roseola endeavor could hold come up against the obstacleLetter from Le Corbusier to his client 13 boastful some grounds why Le Corbusier was chosen as the designer, a member of community, Father Belaud, has explained Why? For the beauty of the monastery to be born of class. But above all for the significance of this beauty. It was necessary to demo that supplication and spiritual life are non bound to conventional signifiers, and that harmoniousness can be str uck between them and the most modern architecture, supplying that the latter should be capable of exceeding itself. 14 Bibliography 1 Geoffrey H. Baker ( 1984 ) . Le Corbusier An depth psychology of Form. Hong Kong Van Nostrand Reinhold. Page 211. 2 Bonbon. ( 2003 ) . Notre Dame Du Haut. uncommitted hypertext transfer protocol //everything2.com/ exploiter/Bonbon/writeups/Notre+Dame+Du+Haut. Last accessed 10th February 2014. 3 Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier architect and Feminist. Great Britain stern Wiley &038 A Sons Ltd. Page 119. 4 Arthur Ruegg ( 1999 ) . Le Corbusier. Switzerland Birkhauser. Page 103. 5 Bonbon. ( 2003 ) . Notre Dame Du Haut. Available hypertext transfer protocol //everything2.com/user/Bonbon/writeups/Notre+Dame+Du+Haut. Last accessed 10th February 2014. 6 Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Britain John Wiley &038 A Sons Ltd. Page 119. 7 Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Bri tain John Wiley &038 A Sons Ltd. Page 120. 8 Le Corbusier ( 2000 ) . The Modulor. Germany Birkhauser. Page 32. 9 Russell Walden ( 1977 ) . The reach Hand Essays. USA MIT. Page 300. 10 Michael Raeburn and Victoria Wilson ( 1987 ) . Le Corbusier Architect of the Century. Great Britain Susan Ferleger Brades with Muriel Walker. Page 249. 11 Charles Jencks ( 2012 ) . The stratum of Post-Modernism Five Decade of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture. Great Britain John Wiley &038 A Sons Ltd. Page 187. 12 James Stirling ( 1956 ) . Le Corbusier in Perspective. Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.arranz.net/web.arch-mag.com/5/recy/recy1t.html. Last accessed 10th February 2014. 13 Russell Walden ( 1977 ) . The Open Hand Essays. USA MIT. Page 301. 14 Geoffrey H. Baker ( 1984 ) . Le Corbusier An outline of Form. Hong Kong Van Nostrand Reinhold. Page 212.Illustrations Figure 1 Notre Dame Du Haut Front facade ( hypertext transfer protocol //ad009cdnb.archda ily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287321-ronchamp-528&215352.jpg ) Figure 2 Notre Dame Du Haut national confronting East Wall ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1213222047_Ronchamp23.jpg ) Figure 3 Notre Dame Du Haut Aspe ( hypertext transfer protocol //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288307698-ronchamp-elyullo.jpg ) Figure 4 Notre Dame Du Haut national confronting South Wall ( hypertext transfer protocol //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287366-ronchamp-pieter-morlion-528&215352.jpg )1

Explore Walkers Portrayal of Female Identity †The Color Purple Essay

Teach only the boys. 1 (Page 146) In galore(postnominal) cases this term would be considered sexist However, when reading The Color Purple it becomes translucent that the men as well as the boys are the ones who are in need of education. This education is non confined to the academic sense, tho go-cart rather emphasises their need to acquire the determineing of adjoin rights. The women may not receive either academic education but they were still equal to men in their ability to work, as Walker shows through some(prenominal) strong pistillate person role models throughout The Color Purple.The things that the women obligate go through have taught them things about emotional state that no man would ever understand The gift of tolerance, understanding and a positive mind. Celie has to undergo a bunch of traumatic experiences throughout The Color Purple. Walker uses this to mould her into the stereotypical abject woman. Walker then continues to develop Celies stereotypical role of flummox and wife by forcing her into another destructive kin, both emotionally and physically. This relationship affected her attitude towards men but also her self-confidence towards women and children who deliver the confidence she does not.Although Walker has portrayed Celie as a weak individual, Mr calls her You black, you pore, you ugly, youa woman. Quotations interchangeable this show just what level of racism and sexism Celie and maybe Walker herself had to repugn with. Walker may have portrayed Celie in this way to overdo the fact that she is also filled with courage. She tries to stand up to Mr ____ , and claims she will torment him until you he do right by me. Mr ___, claims Celie is nothing at all. in spite of this abuse Celie has the courage to carry on and live her life condescension its restrictions.Walker uses each character to reflect all the different elements of female identity. Celie is portrayed as weak, Sophia is portrayed as aright, Nettie educated and Shug leads the glamourous life every women dreams of. Walker seems to use a variety of different characters to stomach comparison and operate in all of the female characters lives. The ongoing influence is the typical 1930s society. Society is responsible for imposing the status quo, which paradise forbid Celie would ever rebel against. I dont bear on I stay where Im told.But Im alive. (Page 22)She has lost her sister, her freedom and her self respect she cant dope off her life as well. Sophia however is an excellent example of a powerful woman in society. Not only powerful in body, but also in mind. In the beginning of the book she seems to show no fear and determination no to be moulded by society. Unfortunately this is a short lived dream. Even though Sophia is a powerful woman, she is still victim to discrimination due to her sex and race which results in hr cosmos moulded into the typical stereotypical woman.After being thrown out of Celies mansion house b y Mr ____, Nettie finds refuge in the home of a missioner couple, who teach her the importance of god and educating others. She abandons the role of housewife and takes on a role more favourable which benefits others and not just her self. Shug Avery abandons all traces of the female stereotype. Her life revolves around the finer things. Her music offers the passion and yearning for the glamorous life, especially for Celie, whose life is made up of orders and abuse, whereas Shug is a woman who doesnt take orders and on many occasions is the one who makes them.Parts of the bias society of the 1930s were the men. In Celies mind, men have a kind of meanness that women dont possess. Women, though they may cry out and swear, are not harmful in the way men exchangeable Pa are Mr_____ When she was younger the only male she knew was Alphonso, who she then believed to be her father. Although she was treated poorly by her father, she listens to the bible and Honors father and beat no mat ter what. (page 43-44). This even included forgiving him for the constant intimate abuse.By obeying the Bible she had to obey her father, no matter what the consequence was. The salient betrayal of someone she could trust had been destroyed and therefore jeopardised her relationship with any other man, instead of feeling love or respect, she only matte fear. Thats the truth. I look at women, tho, cause Im not scared of them. Although Mr_____ is her husband,their relationship appears to be one of convenience. When he maiden approached Alphonso it was to marry Celies sister, Nettie. Alphonso however refused.Claiming that Nettie was too pretty and that he should have Celie instead. Compared to Nettie, Celie was hardly the trophy wife that Mr___ desired. She ugly. .. But she can work worry a man. (pg. 18. ) Mr ____ only wanted a wife to look afterwards his kid and to satisfy his own selfish needs. Walker portrays Celie as an tendency only to be used and abused by men. Walker sh ows a very dysfunctional relationship between Sophia and her husband Harpo however it is not abusive as all of Celies relationships have been. It is a uncoiled relationship that was built on a love and not on necessity.Another factor that Walker has used to create the couple is the thong of personas. So Walker has created her to be the man of the house, as she is stronger than Harpo in more ways than one. This is alien to Celie and she advises Harpo that Sophia needs to be taken down a peg (Page 35) so he can become head of the house again. Nevertheless Sophia refuses to accept this treatment and fights back. Although Sophia managed to defeat one member of society, it was her min and final confrontation that would finally destroy the confidence that Celie so desperately wanted.