Max Weber †Bureaucracy Essay

Describe the principles of organisation (sometimes known as the ‘classical organisations principles’) in a bureaucracy. What are the pros and cons of working in a bureaucracy? What was Max Weber’s contribution to the study of bureaucracy? At the beginning of the 20th Century, after the industrial revolution began, theories of classical management began to emerge. The industrial revolution was a massive turning point in history and the economic market was transformed for the better. The world average capita increased over tenfold (Maddison, Angus. The World Economy: Historical statistics, 2003). With the increase in the average income, there was an increase in jobs. The downside to this was that managers had a bigger workforce to deal with and were unsure how to train them and deal with them professionally and effectively. Henri Faylor was considered to be the founder of the classical school of organisation. In 1916, he constructed 14 principles or organisation that could be applied worldwide and in all workplaces. His 14 principles are as follows: 1: Division of labour- allocate tasks to specific workers, and then they know their job 2: Authority- Management are in charge and give orders 3: Discipline- employees listen to these orders 4: Unity of command- only one superior gives orders 5: Unity of direction- One manager, one plan 6: Subordination of Individual Interests to the general interests- Business comes first and foremost 7: Remuneration- Fair wage to all workers 8: Centralisation- the allocated decision makers 9: Scalar chain- communication goes through the chain of command 10: Order- allocated place for employees and materials 11: Equity- kindness and fairness from employer to staff 12: Stability of tenure of personnel- keep staff turnover to a low 13: Imitative- praise and reward employees who carry out tasks without being asked 14: Espirit de corps – keep team moral high Faylor, along with Max Weber studied management roles and believed they  found a revolutionary way in which managers should behave in the workplace, train and react towards their staff to increase productivity, therefore profits. Their theories and principles (though have been tweaked and slightly updated) have lasted the test of time and are still being used in many workplaces today. There are three assumptions based on the classical theory 1-The relationship between employees and management is defined by means of formal structured communication process, defined tasks, defined accountability, and formalised procedures and practices, defined tasks, defined accountability, and formalised procedures and practices to avoid any conflict in their relationship. 2-Workers have been treated as economic man who can be motivated by means of money only. 3-Workers have been considered as a product of means of production or as a cog in the wheel. (International Research Journal of Finance and E conomics-Issue 41, pg 61, 2010) The theories and principles of classic management play a major part in bureaucracy. The rules and guidelines of bureaucracy are very clear and can be identified easily. The higher up in the company you are, the more power and authority you have. The lower you are placed in the company; you will have little to no authority. The principles of bureaucracy are as follows 1- Hierarchy of authority: Managers sit at the top of the hierarchy. They give orders and commands and their subordinates must obey. 2-Unity of command: each member of staff deal with one superior and only one! They will deal with this superior for all reasons concerning work – tasks, problems etc 3-Task specialisation: workers with specialised knowledge will use this to carry out specialised tasks. 4-Responsibilities and job descriptions: Each employee follows their allocated job. They know what is exactly required from them at work. 5-Line and staff functions: Staff managers are there to serve the company and to help make it a success. Staff mangers are not there to carry out primary purposes. (DuBrin, Andrew, Essentials of management, pg257, 2009) Max Weber’s part in classical management is very much geared towards bureaucracy and believed its the most efficent way to organise a successful business. Weber felt that too many businesses were being ran on a personal level and that owners/managers should not treat their staff as friends, but  their attitude towards their subordinates should be strictly professional. Weber argued that a professional relationship would not only be beneficial to the buisness, but also to the staff. Staff would know their job role clearly and any promotions made would be given to members of staff based on their hard work ethic and not on their personality or personal relationship with the the employer. Weber outlined the charcteristics of bureaucracy as follows: 1-A continuous organisation of official functions are bound by rules. 2-Specialised – Staff know exactly what is expected of the. 3-A clearly defined hierachy of offices- Each official knows who to report to. 4-Rules – a re clear and all members of staff are made aware of them. 5-Impersonal- equality to all. No hatred or favourtism. 6-Free selection of appointed officials- officials are appointed through qualifications and not through bias or favour. 7-Full-time paid officials- the higher the hirearchy rank, the higher the pay. 8-Career officials- promotions is based only on merit and not by favour. 9-Private/public split – business and private life are completely seperate. 10-Discipline and control within the workplace. (www.HRMguide.com) Bureaucracy made modern civilisation possible (DuBrin, Andrew, Management essentials, 2012, pg265) Bureaucracy is severely required in large firms – without it there would not be structure and therefore the businesses would not run in an orderly manner, therefore would not thrive and expand. Without expanding businesses we would not have the privilidge of such advanced technologies, certain medicines and many other luxuries we all enjoy today. Labour is divided out in a bureaucracy, therfore all staff members know there job and what is exactly expected of them. If an employee is good at their job, it gives them confidence in what they’re doing, therefore makes them more at ease within their workplace. Rules and guidelines are explained to them from the outset, so discrepancies are generally kept to a minimum. As I outlined before, bureaucracy allows those within a workplace to be promoted on the basis of their skills and work ethic rather than being promoted because of their personality or  personal relationship with higher management. Weber highly advocated his principles, but he was also aware that it would not be without fault. He even pointed out a fault of bureaucracy himself – â€Å"Iron cageof control†. This refers to Weber’s feelings that when individuals work within a bureaucracy, they get â€Å"trapped in a system that is purely based on teleological effeiceny, rational calculation and control† (www.corwin.com) Weber’s views on bureacracy have also come under scrutiny from fellow sociologists. Argytis (1957) argued that people who follwed classical management theories were more likely to be unhappy and fail within the workplace. He felt that people working within a democracy are treated like children, they work to a short term perspective and have minimal control over their working lives – adults don’t respond well to being treated this way at work and therfore will not respond well towards the company/business. Another disadvantage of working in a democrac y is what is referred to as ‘Red Tape’. This refers to all the paperwork and procedures that is required when working in a demococracy. Weber’s views were that this negative impact was not meant to be included in his theories. When a bereacratic form has been implimented within a workplace, its very hard to remove, so therefore employers who wish to change the dynamics of their business and get away from a bureacratic form may find this a very lenghtly and costly process to do so. Generally, companies want their staff to use their time at work produtively and effectively – time is wasted in a bureaucracy as the chain of command is used, therefore employees speak to their senior, who then report to theirs and so forth. If an employee were able to go straight to the manager in charge, this would save time and money – profit in a company is crucial to keep it running. There are two main types of organisation structure. The flat structure and the tall structure. The flat structure represents organisations with few levels in the hierarchy which have a broad control span, as opposed to the tall structure which has more levels however more focused areas of control. There are many benefits of the flat structure. As there are fewer hierarchical levels there is less ‘administrative distance’ between grades which makes communication a lot easier. It also makes the organisation a  lot more personal without contradicting Weber’s principle of keeping professional relationships. Also, as the span of control is so vast it is vital to employ competent employees to ensure a smooth operational process, resulting in a better workforce and meeting business objectives. However the main disadvantage of this structure is perhaps the authoritarian structure itself. In order for this structure to function properly there must be a definite split between superiors and suborinates otherwise the authority levels are undermined. Group conflicts are more likely in a â€Å"them versus us† situation, and if a manager socialises with their staff they are merging the statuses of the groups. Communications between subordinates often become a problem, as there is no difference in authority between the grades. Then there is the tall structure, which many people often prefer because of the number of hierarcical levels. This gives more scope for promotion prospects which in turn generates a motivated workforce. Certain orginisations require this form of structure, one of the best examples being the military and its rank structure. It has many levels of authority, which is more effective when dealing with instant decisions and rapid adaptations ‘on the ground’. Other organisations like this are the fire service, police and hospitals. So both structures have pros and cons, and work well in different situations. Whichever structure may fit the organisation better it is plain to see that a bureaucracy benefits it more than it would disadvantage it. Being in a bureaucracy is better for the company, and the staff within it, resulting in a better managed and motivated workforce which is turn increases productivity and professionalism. Bibliography DuBrin, Andrew. Essentials of management, 2009. DuBrin, Andrew. Essentials of management, 2012. International Research Journal of finance and economics – issue 41, 2010 Maddison, Angus. The World Economy Historical statistics, 2003 www.corwin.com (visited site on 12/11/2012) www.HRM.guide.com (visited site on 12/11/2012 Word count including quotes and references-1722

Free Essays on Daisy Miller & Huck Finn- American Adventures

NOSEWAKS@aOl.com March 20, 2002 DAISY MILLER AND HUCK FINN-AMERICAN ADVENTURERS After reading the two American classics â€Å"Daisy Miller† by Henry James, and â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, I thought about the messages these authors were saying about their societies. Both authors lived at a time when very influential things were happening in their worlds. The Civil War, and the ceaseless turmoil between social classes. Twain and James both wrote these two stories around the same period. Like everyone, they were influenced by their surroundings and personal experiences. Although they were both very different people with completely different backgrounds, they both managed to have leading characters that had the common problem of not fitting in their societies. Although James’ Daisy Miller and Twain’s Huck had a common problem, they both had very different ways of coping with it. They both had different strategies of living in an environment they didn’t completely control. Henry James had the very plain Miller family traveling throughout Europe at a time when many people in the world were immigrating to the Unites States. Her family was wealthy enough to pay for such a trip where she was able to stay at the most extravagant hotels in Europe. James makes it clear numerous times that the Miller family was new to this level of money. While Daisy stayed in these hotels she had a chance to see what the people of her new status were like. Coming from a background that was not as fortunate as the people she stayed with in Europe, she wanted what she couldn’t have had. She wanted to be part of the privileged society. In Europe, James has her finally getting what she wanted- the ability to interact with societies upper class. Daisy’s flaw was that she had the tool to be with the 1900th century aristocrats (money), but she didn’t have the culture to pass as one. This is a tragic conflict for her.... Free Essays on Daisy Miller & Huck Finn- American Adventures Free Essays on Daisy Miller & Huck Finn- American Adventures NOSEWAKS@aOl.com March 20, 2002 DAISY MILLER AND HUCK FINN-AMERICAN ADVENTURERS After reading the two American classics â€Å"Daisy Miller† by Henry James, and â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, I thought about the messages these authors were saying about their societies. Both authors lived at a time when very influential things were happening in their worlds. The Civil War, and the ceaseless turmoil between social classes. Twain and James both wrote these two stories around the same period. Like everyone, they were influenced by their surroundings and personal experiences. Although they were both very different people with completely different backgrounds, they both managed to have leading characters that had the common problem of not fitting in their societies. Although James’ Daisy Miller and Twain’s Huck had a common problem, they both had very different ways of coping with it. They both had different strategies of living in an environment they didn’t completely control. Henry James had the very plain Miller family traveling throughout Europe at a time when many people in the world were immigrating to the Unites States. Her family was wealthy enough to pay for such a trip where she was able to stay at the most extravagant hotels in Europe. James makes it clear numerous times that the Miller family was new to this level of money. While Daisy stayed in these hotels she had a chance to see what the people of her new status were like. Coming from a background that was not as fortunate as the people she stayed with in Europe, she wanted what she couldn’t have had. She wanted to be part of the privileged society. In Europe, James has her finally getting what she wanted- the ability to interact with societies upper class. Daisy’s flaw was that she had the tool to be with the 1900th century aristocrats (money), but she didn’t have the culture to pass as one. This is a tragic conflict for her....

Article Review Topics #038; Ideas

Article Review Topics #038; Ideas Writing a well-developed article review is a great way to practice your analytical, reading, writing, and scientific skills. Nowadays, there is a significant number of captivating article review topics and ideas that allow presenting a strong central point and discussing some related ideas. Before you start, read thoroughly all the instructions provided by the professor and pay attention to the topics that are defined by the requirements. In addition, it is necessary to use provided guidelines that usually include a list of relevant literature, paper examples, and several interesting topics to research. Next, while reading the article, keep your focus on the main subject discussed by the author, as the majority of scholarly articles tend to evaluate a range of related theories, issues, and concerns, in this way, attracting the attention of the reader to many other similar subjects. Besides, the authors of such articles usually assume that the readers operate with background knowledge on the point, and, as a result, use sophisticated structures and discuss complicated issues. Therefore, it is highly recommended for the researcher to pay special attention to abstracts, summaries, and conclusions as they help to understand all the discussed information and write a well-developed and comprehensive article review. If you have some difficulties with completing the article review assignment, or you cannot think of proper topics and ideas, the following list of ideas and topics will help you to solve these issues and pick the most interesting one to research. Topic and Ideas for Article Review Below you can find examples of topics for article review: Communication Differences between Males and Females This topic for article review allows you to research gender peculiarities in communication. Search for the articles on the topic in scholarly journals and read them carefully in order to pick up the most interesting and informative. Next, provide a summary of the chosen article, evaluate the applied theories, research method, and discussion section, and provide comments on the results or the conclusion. The Importance of Sport for Students For sure, sport for students is of high importance as it allows young people to develop team spirit, make new friends, and improve their physical well-being. Therefore, you may search for the articles to review in peer-reviewed journals on health and education. In addition, some interesting articles may be found in specialized sports journals. On reading the article, it is necessary to summarize the covered material and provide a developed critique of facts, figures, and other information discussed by the author. Negative Health Effects Caused by Illegal Drugs and Substances In order to write a good article review on the topic, you should look through such journals as Nature Research: International Journal on Science, American Journal of Public Health, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, and others. These journals are reliable sources that provide a number of peer-reviewed articles on illegal drugs written by leading researchers, professors, and practicing specialists. On reading the article, summarize it and discuss the described negative health effects caused by illegal drugs and substances. You may also identify some contradictions or inconsistencies found in the article and think of topics for future research grounded on the discussed information. Use of Drugs in Professional Sports It is not a secret that famous professional sportsmen use different drugs in order to build stamina and perform better results. The articles on this particular subject may be found in The Sport Journal, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, and Journal of Sport Management. Provide a summary of the chosen article evaluate the provided facts, in this way, developing an informative article review on the provocative topic. Street Art Tendencies in the USA Street art is a popular stream of visual art that is characterized by different graffiti forms, poster art, installations, and sculptures. The articles on these captivating topics may be found in The Street Art Urban Creativity Scientific Journal, The Art Journal, and The Art World. Read the article carefully and provide a comprehensive summary of street art tendencies in the USA. Evaluate the supportive illustrations and pieces of evidence, defining the informative value of the source and specifying the art tendencies in the nearest future. Obesity and Its Negative Effects on Health Nowadays, obesity is one of the most spread medical conditions characterized by negative effects on health. Therefore, it is a great topic to write an informative article review and provide the evaluation of future tendencies. Valuable articles on the point may be found in such peer-reviewed journals as International Journal of Obesity, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, and others. Causes and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Nowadays, infectious diseases like pneumonia, influenza, strep throat, and others are widely spread and treated with various antiviral medication. These diseases can be spread in direct and indirect ways, being transmitted from one person to another is short periods of time. For that reason, it is a captivating topic to research as it allows discussing the main causes of infectious diseases and evaluating the most efficient ways of treatment. The articles to review may be found in a range of periodicals including The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, and many others. Ethnic Music Ethnic music is a great topic to review as it allows discovering a lot of interesting information on the ways of expressing historical differences and performing identities in the international urban society. The articles on this topic may discuss the ethnic music of new immigrants, different religious communities, and working-class pieces of music. The articles on ethnic music may be found in The Folk Music Journal, Journal of World Popular Music, and Journal of the International Folk Music Council. Illegal Immigration in the USA The topic of illegal immigration in the USA appears to be one of the most discussed by the American government these days. The official figures of the illegal immigration provided in the government reports are impressive; however, the real number of illegal immigrants is reported to be much higher. Therefore, illegal immigration in the USA is a great topic to discuss as it allows discovering a lot of valuable information on the point. The related articles may be found in The Journal of Economic Literature, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, and The European journal of American studies. Gender Roles and Their Change in the Modern World Because of globalization, gender roles tend to change, having a significant impact on social, economic, and cultural aspects of international society. Numerous scholars and researchers examined this topic in their articles published in such journals as Sex Roles, Gender and Society, Social Politics, and others. On reading the chosen article, summarize the main points and evaluate them thoroughly, defining possible limitations and contradictions. Global Warming Global warming is an important issue that has been actively discussed by numerous specialists for several recent decades. The articles on this topic may be found in a range of American and international journals including The International Journal of Global Warming, The SciFed Journal of Global Warming, and The American Journal of Climate Change. Pick up the most interesting article, summarize the main points on global warming, and provide the evaluation of the supportive information. Multicultural Families Because of globalization, the number of multicultural families has increased considerably. This issue has been discussed in numerous articles published in Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, The Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, and Journal of Marriage and Family, and others. You may pick up the article on challenges faced by multicultural families, advantages and disadvantages of growing in such families, and adoption of children by multicultural couples. Racism Racism, racial inequality, and discrimination are captivating topics to research and review as they allow discovering a lot of valuable information on the Civil Rights Movement, evaluate the development of the law enforcement, and find numerous interesting historical facts. The related articles may be found in The Journal of World-Systems Research, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, American Journal of Public Health, and others. Pick up the article and summarize the information on racism, evaluate supportive facts and figures, and discuss its historical perspectives in the past century. Gun Violence in the USA Gun violence is one of the main causes of premature deaths in the territory of the USA. Because the considerations on this topic are usually controversial, it provides a lot of valuable ideas to research and review. Thus, you can discuss articles on mass shootings, gun violence against women, and gun violence against people of color. The articles on the point may be found in The American Journal of Nursing, Journal of Lancaster General Health, and Science Daily. Legalization of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana is another topic that requires the author of the article review to evaluate the provided information, summarize it, and define some limitations and inconsistencies mentioned. The articles on the advantages and disadvantages of the legalization of marijuana may be found in The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, Journal of Nursing Regulation, and law journals. Alternative Medicine A range of practitioners all around the globe actively promotes alternative medicine. Because alternative medicine, also known as pseudo medicine, is not proven to be efficient, it is actively discussed by scientists, scholars, and researchers. The article for the review on the point may be found in a range of peer-reviewed journals: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, and African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. Alzheimers Disease Because Alzheimers disease continues to be one of the most spread chronic neurodegenerative diseases in the world, it is actively discussed by medical specialists, scientists, and researchers. Their well-developed articles on this disease may be found in the Journal of Alzheimers Disease, Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsonism, and The International Journal of Alzheimers Disease. On reading the article, discuss the possible limitations and evaluate the supportive facts and figures. Autism An autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that has been actively researched by numerous specialists from different countries. Because the disorder usually affects the ability of children to communicate and interact, it is highly important for medical researchers to discuss the possible solutions and treatment programs and evaluate them thoroughly. Numerous articles on the point may be found in specialized journals like Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Autism Research Journal, and others. On reading the article, it is necessary to summarize important facts and figures on autism, explain the main point of the author, and evaluate the information provided in conclusion. Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is an important issue actively discussed by the specialists as it causes global warming and provides significant harm to the natural environment. Articles on the point are written by experienced researchers and may be found in the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, and many others. Therefore, your review may include a summary of the article on the greenhouse effect, its evaluation, and some personal reflection on it. Recycling The problem of converting waste materials is growing, and the process of recycling is one of the best possible solutions provided for today. In this way, it is actively discussed by the specialists in a range of reliable sources that include Journal of Waste Resources and Recycling, International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, and Journal of Chemical Education. On reading the article, summarize it, provide the evaluation of possible advantages of recycling, and consider the limitations mentioned. Conclusion Writing an interesting and well-structured article review is not easy, as it requires you to find an article in a reliable source, read it thoroughly, evaluate the discussed information, and consider possible limitations. In addition, writing an article review requires you to utilize a set of writing and analytical skills, arrange the paper according to instructions, and meet all the requirements of the professor. At the same time, writing an article review allows discovering a lot of interesting and important information, comparing with the other sources, and define its scientific and academic value.

Cell Biology Glossary

Cell Biology Glossary Many biology students often wonder about the meanings of certain biology terms and words. What is a nucleus? What are sister chromatids? What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do? The Cell Biology Glossary is a good resource for finding succinct, practical, and meaningful biology definitions for various cell biology terms. Below is a list of common cell biology terms. Cell Biology Glossary Anaphase - a stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Animal Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. Allele - an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Apoptosis - a controlled sequence of steps in which cells signal self-termination. Asters - radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells that help to manipulate chromosomes during cell division. Biology - the study of living organisms. Cell - the fundamental unit of life. Cellular Respiration - a process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food. Cell Biology - the subdiscipline of biology that focuses on the study of the basic unit of life, the cell. Cell Cycle - the life cycle of a dividing cell, including Interphase and the M phase or Mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). Cell Membrane - a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Cell Theory - one of the five basic principles of biology, stating that the cell is the basic unit of life. Centrioles - cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 3 pattern. Centromere - a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids. Chromatid - one of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. Chromatin - the mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. Chromosome - a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from condensed chromatin. Cilia and Flagella - protrusions from some cells that aid in cellular locomotion. Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. Cytoplasm - all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers throughout the cells cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. Cytosol - semi-fluid component of a cells cytoplasm. Daughter Cell - a cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell. Daughter Chromosome - a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Diploid Cell - a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes- one set of chromosomes is donated from each parent. Endoplasmic Reticulum - a network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions in the cell. Gametes - reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called a zygote. Gene Theory - one of the five basic principles of biology, stating that traits are inherited through gene transmission. Genes - segments of DNA located on chromosomes that exist in alternative forms called alleles. Golgi Complex - the cell organelle that is responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and shipping certain cellular products. Haploid Cell - a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes. Interphase - the stage in the cell cycle where a cell doubles in size and synthesizes DNA in preparation for cell division. Lysosomes - the membranous sacs of enzymes that can digest cellular macromolecules. Meiosis - a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce, resulting in gametes with one-half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Metaphase - the stage in cell division where chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Microtubules - fibrous, hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell. Mitochondria - cell organelles that convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. Mitosis - a phase of the cell cycle that involves the separation of nuclear chromosomes followed by cytokinesis. Nucleus - a membrane-bound structure that contains the cells hereditary information and controls the cells growth and reproduction. Organelles - tiny cellular structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Peroxisomes - cell structures that contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. Plant Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. They are distinct from animal cells, containing various structures not found in animal cells. Polar Fibers - spindle fibers that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell. Prokaryotes - single-celled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth. Prophase - the stage in cell division where chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. Ribosomes - cell organelles that are responsible for assembling proteins. Sister Chromatids - two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere. Spindle Fibers - aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. Telophase - the stage in cell division when the nucleus of one cell is divided equally into two nuclei.

Recruitment and Selection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recruitment and Selection - Research Paper Example he importance of effective recruitment process by envisioning the recruitments process in the organizational cultures thereby ensuring that an organization has a steady supply of qualified human resources. The recruitment process begins with the analysis of a job opening. This requires the human resource management must analyze the roles and responsibilities of the position thereby developing an effective recruitment process. The analysis should inform such features as the academic qualifications of the applicant, experiences and age among other pertinent issues that affect the productivity of employees in organization. This way, the human resource manager understands the features to look for in an individual during the recruitment process. After carrying out an effective analysis of the job position, the human resource manager begins to source for applicants. This relies on the ability of the manager to increase the awareness of the vacancy within a target population. Managers can advertise the position on mainstream media and carry out effective networking in order to attract the prospective employees. Managers thus carry out interviews among other assessment techniques to determine the appropriate employees from the numerous applicants. Such assessment techniques provide managers with appropriate platforms to interact with tea applicants thereby corroborate the claims that the applicants make in their cover letters and resumes. The process makes it possible for managers to interrogate the applicant and determine their motivations for the job and qualifications to hold such positions (Hill & Jones, 2011). This implies that the managers must have the ability to recognize the specific features in the applicants thereby recruit appropriate individuals. The panel of interviewees investigate interpersonal skills, communication abilities and grooming in order to recruits the individuals who can represent the organization in different capacities. The desire to

Ethics and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Ethics and Governance - Essay Example Kantian’s approach to ethics is relevant to business and management because it focuses on the maxim of the action. To Kant’s thinking, business stands to gain when it focuses its maxim on securing goodwill. Paying bribe does not add to the goodwill of business although the practice may be universal. â€Å"A business manager who accepts Kantian morality would ask for any given decision, does the principle on which the decision is based pass the test of the categorical imperative, that is, can it be willed universally without contradiction? If it can, then the decision would be morally permissible. If it cannot, the action is morally forbidden† (Bowie, Norman E; 2002, p5).A robust business house following Kant’s approach to ethics weighs its every action in ways that secures business without depending on malpractices such as payment of bribes. Such business houses are strongly self-reliant and prefer ethically sound actions irrespective of the outcome. In Ka ntian ideology, there is no means. There is only the end. Actions culminate as the end.Kantian approach is flexible. It does not treat other approaches as untouchables. However, it upholds high values and sets standards that weigh individual actions by the acceptance or rejection of others universally. In commercial terms, â€Å"Ethical capital reflects the additional revenues created by corporate moral agency, such as a price premium paid by an ethical consumer for an environmentally friendly product†.

Written Summary and Analysis of Assigned Readings Research Paper

Written Summary and Analysis of Assigned Readings - Research Paper Example The samples are divided into three starting with those who started schooling in the 1920. The assumption is that each person went to school for 12 years before they started working. Therefore, years of complete schooling in this analysis runs from 1932 to the year 1969 because the study runs twenty years of complete schooling. This is a correct choice of the sample because the group have finished with their schooling and many are running different jobs or employments. The research relies heavily on existing literature and research as one source of its data. The census statistics proved very important for this research because from it the researchers established a series of unrestricted earning-schooling model from sub samples drawn from it. Such census included the 1980 census, 1960, 1950, and 1940. Other data were obtained from the US office of education, which publishes a summary of the characteristics of the public schools system in each state. From state personal income, the study obtained average personal income per capita data used to indicate family background. In addition, statistical abstract of the US numbers 66, 75, and 85 provided data on median education of the parent’s generation. The main findings of this research were contrary to many other researches. Apparently, the research found out that there exist a positive relationship between quality of schooling and earnings. That is, school quality has an important effect on labour market performance but has no effect on standardised achievement tests. Therefore, labour market is a good yardstick of measuring the performance of education systems. I learnt some new information that the old system in the US required students to be in school for twelve years to start working unlike today when one can start earning quite early. Additionally, I was able to compare the earlier average pays of teachers with the current rates in the