Climax and Anticlimax

1. The meaning of approaching and anti advent The Greek password climax means ladder the Latin gradatio means ascent, climbing up. In climax we deal with strings of synonyms or at least semantic totallyy related words belonging to the same thematic group. 4, p. 155 fit to Efimov L. P. , climax (or Gradation) is the figure of unequality, which consists in arranging the utterance so that separately subsequent chemical fraction of it increases importee, splendour or mad tension of write up. 1, p. 69 Galperin I. R. iews climax as an arrangement of sentences (or of the homogeneous part of wizard sentence) which secures a step-by-step increase in significance, enormousness, or emotional tension in the utterance, as in It was a lovely city, a splendiferous city, a fine city, a veritable gem of a city. or in Ne hindrance wall, ne river deep and wide, Ne horrid crags, nor mountains stern and long Rise like the rocks that part Hispanias land from Gaul. (Byron) Gradual incr ease in emotional military rating in the graduation illustration and in significance in the present moment is realized by the distribution of the corresponding lexical items.Each successive unit is perceived as stronger than the preceding one. Of course, there argon no objective lingual criteria to estimate the degree of importance or significance of from each one voice. It is only the formal homogeneity of these component move and the test of synonymy in the words lovely, beautiful, fair, veritable gem, in the first workout and the comparative inaccessibility of the barriers wall, river, crags, mountains together with the epithets deep and wide horrid, dark and tall that make us feel the increase in importance of each. 1, p. 220 2. diverse types of climax A gradual increase in significance whitethorn be maintained in three vogues logical, emotional and quantitative. reproducible climax is based on the telling importance of the component parts looked at from the point of view of the concepts embodied in them. This relative importance may be evaluated both objectively and subjectively, the agents attitude towards the objects or phenomena in question being disclosed. Thus, the following paragraph from Dickenss Christmas Carol shows the relative importance in the uthors mind of the things and phenomena draw Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with glad some looks, My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come to rule me? No beggars imgjored him to bestow a trifle, no baby birdren asked Jiim what it -was oclock, no man or woman ever once in all his life inquired the way to such and such a place, of Scrooge. Even the blind mens dogs appeared to do him, and when they saw him coming on, would tug their owners into doorways and up courts and then would wag their tails, as though they said, No eye at all is better than an bad eye, dark master The mold of the statements shows what the power considers the culmination of the climax. The passage by Dickens should be considered subjective, because there is no general realization of the relative significance of the statements in the paragraph. The climax in the lines from Byrons Ne barrier may be considered objective because such things as wall, river, crags, mountains are objectively ranked according to their accessibility. aflame climax is based on the relative emotional tension produced by words with emotive meaning, as in the first example with the words lovely, beautiful, fair.Of course, emotional climax based on synonymous strings of words with emotive meaning will needfully cause certain semantic differences in these words such is the linguistic nature of stylistic synonyms, but emotive meaning will be the prevailing one. Emotional climax is mainly found in sentences, to a greater extent rarely in longer syntactic units. This is natural. Emotional charge can non command long. As becomes obvious from the analysis of the above examples of climatic order, t he arrangement of the component parts calls for reduplicate construction which, being a kind of syntactical repetition, is frequently accompanied by lexical repetition.Here is another example of emotional climax built on this pattern He was pleased when the child began to adventure across the floors on hand and knees he was gratified, when she managed the trick of balancing herself on two legs he was delighted when she first said ta-ta and he was rejoiced when she accept him and smiled at him. (Alan Paton) Finally, we come to quantitative climax. This is an evident increase in the volume of the corresponding concepts, as in They looked at hundreds of houses they climbed thousands of stairs they inspected uncounted kitchens. (Maugham) Here the climax is achieved by simple numerical increase. 1, p. 220 3. The indispensable constituents of climax What then are the indispensable constituents of climax? They are a)the distributional constituent close proximity of the component parts set up in change magnitude order of importance or significance b)the syntactical pattern parallel constructions with possible lexical repetition c)the connotative constituent the explanatory context which helps the reader to grasp the gradation, as no. .. ver once in all his life, nobody ever, nobody, No beggars (Dickens) deep and wide, horrid, dark and tall (Byron) veritable (gem of a city). Climax, like numerous other stylistic constructions, is a means by which the author discloses his world push throughlook, his evaluation of objective facts and phenomena. The concrete stylistic post of this device is to show the relative importance of things as seen by the author (especially in emotional climax), or to impress upon the reader the significance of the things described by suggested comparison, or to name phenomena dynamically. 3. What is Anticlimax?According to Efimov, anticlimax (or Bathos) is a stylistic device which consists in arranging the utterance so that each su bsequent component of it decreases significance, importance or emotional tension of narration If Johns eyes fill with tears, you may corroborate no doubt he has been eating raw onions. 2, p. 70 Kukharenko V. A. views anticlimax as an unhoped turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic transposition of the emphasized idea. 3, p. 93 The device thus called is characterized by some authors as defend gradation.As its very name shows, it is the opposite to climax, but this assumption is not quite correct. It would serve no purpose whatever making the second element weaker than the first, the third still weaker, and so on. A real anticlimax is a sudden deception of the recepient it consists in adding one weaker element to one or several strong ones, mentioned before. The recepient is disaappointed in his expectations he predicted a stronger element to follow instead, some insignificant idea follows the significant one (ones). f ree to say, anticlimax is employed with a humorous aim.For example, in Its abloody remain and not quite true, we see the absurdity of mixing up an crime statement with a polite remark. 4, p. 156 The ideas expressed may be arranged in ascending order of significance, or they may be poetical or elevated, but the closing one, which the reader expects to be the culminating one, as in climax, is trifling or utmostcical. at that place is a sudden drop from the magisterial or serious to the ridiculous. A typical example is Aesops fable The pot in Labour. In days of yore, a mighty murmuring was heard in a Mountain.It was said to be in labour, and multitudes flocked together, from far and near, to see what it would produce. After long expectation and many wise conjectures from the bystanders out popped, a Mouse Here we have deliberate anticlimax, which is a recognized form of humour. Anti- climax is frequently used by humorists like crisscross Twain and Jerome K. Jerome. In Three Men in a boat, for example, a poetical passage is invariably followed by ludicrous scene. For example, the author expands on the beauties of the sunset on the river and concludes But we didnt sail into the world of grand sunset we went slap into that old punt where the gentlemen were fishing. Another example is This war-like speech, acquire with many a cheer, Had filled them with desire of fame, and beer (Byron) 1, p. 221 4. Conclusions There are some types of semantically complicated parallelism. They are presente by climax and anticlimax. Climax, like many other stylistic devices, is a means by which the author discloses his world, outlook, his evaluation of objective facts and phenomena.The concrete stylistic function of this device is to show the relative importance of things as seen by the author (especially in emotional climax), or to impress upon the reader the significance of the things described by suggested comparison, or to depict phenomena dynamically. Climax which increases emotional tension of the utterance may be called emotional. Emotional gradation is created by synonymic words with emotive meanings nice handsome beautiful marvellous gorgeous Climax revealing the quantity of objects may be called quantitative There were dozens of planets, hundreds of meteorites, innumerable number of stars.There is a device which is called anticlimax. The ideas expressed may be arranged in ascending order of significance, or they may be poetical or elevated, but the final one, which the reader expects to be the culminating one, as in climax, is trifling or farcical. There is a sudden drop from the lofty or serious to the ridiculous. For example The fire burnt Johns house down and he lost his cubicle phone. Yesterday I had good sleep but I have to meet my uncle today. References 1. ?. ?. / ?. . . ?. , 1981 2. ?. ?. , ?. ?. ? . - . , 2004. ?. 69-71 3. ?. ?. ? . . , 2000 160 ?. 4. ?. ?. - ? . . . / ?. ?. . 2-? . , . ?. , 2003. 221, 3 ?. ( . ).